Organic liquids cyclohexane

The oxime is freely soluble in water and in most organic liquids. Recrystallise the crude dry product from a minimum of 60-80 petrol or (less suitably) cyclohexane for this purpose first determine approximately, by means of a small-scale test-tube experiment, the minimum proportion of the hot solvent required to dissolve the oxime from about 0-5 g. of the crude material. Then place the bulk of the crude product in a small (100 ml.) round-bottomed or conical flask fitted with a reflux water-condenser, add the required amount of the solvent and boil the mixture on a water-bath. Then turn out the gas, and quickly filter the hot mixture through a fluted filter-paper into a conical flask the sodium chloride remains on the filter, whilst the filtrate on cooling in ice-water deposits the acetoxime as colourless crystals. These, when filtered anddried (either by pressing between drying-paper or by placing in an atmospheric desiccator) have m.p. 60 . Acetoxime sublimes rather readily when exposed to the air, and rapidly when warmed or when placed in a vacuum. Hence the necessity for an atmospheric desiccator for drying purposes. 

At the opposite extreme, molecular solids contain individual molecules bound together by various combinations of dispersion forces, dipole forces, and hydrogen bonds. Conforming to like dissolves like, molecular solids dissolve readily in solvents with similar types of intermolecular forces. Nonpolar I2, for instance, is soluble in nonpolar liquids such as carbon tetrachloride (CCI4). Many organic compounds are molecular solids that dissolve in organic liquids such as cyclohexane and acetone. 

Non-aqueous (or-oil-in-oil) emulsions, where the phases are two immiscible organic liquids, have received relatively little attention in the literature. Riess et al. [116-119] have studied the stabilisation of waterless systems with block and graft copolymers, where one of the liquids is a good solvent for one of the blocks and a non-solvent for the other, and vice versa. Thus, poly(styrene-b-methylmethacrylate) copolymers could emulsify acetonitrile/cyclohexane mixtures, and poly(styrene-b-isoprene) was effective for DMF/hexane systems [116]. These, however, are not HIPE systems. 

Figure 9.19 Fraction of benzene in permeate as a function of feed mixture composition for pervaporation at the reflux temperature of a binary benzene/cyclohexane mixture. A 20-qm-thick crosslinked blend membrane of cellulose acetate and polystyrene phosphate) was used [54]. Reprinted with permission from I. Cabasso, Organic Liquid Mixtures Separation by Selective Polymer Membranes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 22, 313. Copyright 1983 American Chemical Society...

Most research into the study of dispersion polymerization involves common vinyl monomers such as styrene, (meth)acrylates, and their copolymers with stabilizers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [33-40], poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [18,41],poly(methacrylicacid) [42],or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) [43,44] in polar media (usually alcohols). However, dispersion polymerization is also used widely to prepare functional microspheres in different media [45, 46]. Some recent examples of these preparations include the (co-)polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) [47,48],4-vinylpyridine (4VP) [49], glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) [50-53], acrylamide (AAm) [54, 55], chloro-methylstyrene (CMS) [56, 57], vinylpyrrolidone (VPy) [58], Boc-p-amino-styrene (Boc-AMST) [59],andAT-vinylcarbazole (NVC) [60] (Table 1). Dispersion polymerization is usually carried out in organic liquids such as alcohols and cyclohexane, or mixed solvent-nonsolvents such as 2-butanol-toluene, alcohol-toluene, DMF-toluene, DMF-methanol, and ethanol-DMSO. In addition to conventional PVP, PAA, and PHC as dispersant, poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) [54], partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (hydrolysis=35%) [61], and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-fo-butyl methacrylate)... 

Adsorption measurements were carried out by a static technique in a gravimetric vacuum apparatus using quartz springs (McBain balances). Benzene and carbon dioxide at 25°C were used as adsorptives. For the determination of the enthalpies of immersion following organic liquids were applied dichloromethane, benzene, cyclohexane and 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. 

In this project, distinguishing properties of the 10 organic liquids should be observed (Part A) and unknowns subsequently identified (Part B) according to an SOP which I wrote for this. The properties are (1) water miscibility, (2) density, (3) viscosity, (4) refractive index, and (5) odor. The 10 organic liquids are acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, heptane, cyclohexane, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, butanol, and ethyl acetate. 

Apparatus of a spray-pulsed reactor for rapid hydrogen evolution in the dehydrogenation reaction of cyclohexane and decalin as organic liquid carriers. 

For polar organic substances more soluble in water than in organic liquids, there will be little movement if an anhydrous mobile phase is used adding water to the solvent will cause those substances to migrate. Thus, butan-1-ol is not a suitable solvent for amino acids unless it is saturated with water addition of acetic acid allows more water to be incorporated, and hence increases the solubility of amino acids, particularly basic ones the addition of ammonia increases the solubility of acidic materials. tert-Butanol and water mixtures are the primary solvent for the separation of many polar anionic species, and many other polar substances with solubility characteristics similar to those of amino acids, such as indoles, guanidines and phenols, can be separated with this mixture. For hydrophobic stationary phases, various mixtures of benzene, cyclohexane and chloroform have been used to good effect as eluants. 

The limited data for mass transfer of gases to pure organic liquids show trends similar to those for oxygen in water. Sridhar and Potter [33] followed the transient absorption of oxygen in cyclohexane in a 2-L stirred vessel and reported that kj a varied with Pg/Vf As shown in... 

Unless directed to do otherwise, pour the pot residue into the container for nonhalo-genated organic liquids and return the distillation fractions to a bottle marked "Recovered Cyclohexane and Toluene."... 

Pour the cyclohexane distillates in the container for nonhalogenated organic solvents. Dilute the aqueous methanolic filtrate with water, neutralize it with acetic acid to destroy any excess sodium borohydride, and flush the mixture down the drain with excess water. Place the dichloromethane solution from the bromine test for unsaturation in a container for halogenated organic liquids. 

Neutralize all filtrates and then flush them down the drain. Put any recovered cyclohexane into the container for nonhalogenated organic liquids. 

Aromatic oils are quite often used in the miCToemulsion preparation. Organic liquids like benzene, toluene, hexane, cyclohexane, etc. have been used [13-17]. Such preparations are useful in chemical and agrochemical industties. In the field of pharmaceutical industries, such oils are not usable. The oils useful in pharmaceutical industries are generally of higher molecular weights and molar volumes, and they are also polar. Such properties make microemulsion formation more difficult [18]. But there have been attempts to overcome such problems [19], and a good number of reports on biocompatible microemulsions can be found in literature [20-22]. 

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