Organic compounds functional groups

The first three chapters constitute a review of bonding and an introduction to organic compounds. Functional groups are introduced. Resonance is covered extensively, and numerous examples are provided. Acid-base chemistry is discussed in Chapter 4, and this reaction is used to introduce many of the general features of reactions, including the effect of structure on reactivity. Nomenclature of all of the functional groups is covered in Chapters 5 and 12. In this edition, stereochemistry is covered in two chapters to break up the material Chapter 6 discusses cis trans isomers and conformations, and Chapter 7 addresses chiral molecules. 

Infrared spectrophotometry has a long history of usefulness in helping to establish and to confirm the identity of organic compounds. Functional group-absorption band correlation charts are well known and have been used routinely by organic synthesis chemists and by analysts for characterizing compounds of unknown identity. Where a synthetically prepared compound is not available for comparison with the unknown, infrared data in conjunction with mass, ultraviolet, and nuclear magnetic... 

Table 3.13 Organic compounds functional group classification by their aquaphilicity...

The —OH group in alcohols is one of the many functional groups found in organic compounds. Functional groups are individual atoms or groupings of... 

Organic compounds are grouped into families according to the functional groups they contain Two of the most important families are alcohols and alkyl halides Alco hols and alkyl halides are especially useful because they are versatile starting materials for preparing numerous other families Indeed alcohols or alkyl halides—often both— will appear m virtually all of the remaining chapters of this text... 

Organic compounds functionalized with groups that chemically bind to substrate surfaces will spontaneously self-assemble into close-packed, organized monolayers upon immersing the substrates into solutions of such compounds. Self-assembly on... 

Halides are second only to carboxylic acids in their versatility in organic synthesis. Functional group transformations into alkenes, alkynes, amines, aldehydes, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, ketones and other groups may be performed with ease in high yield. However, the major synthetic importance of halides arises from the ease by which compounds that contain this functionality may be used in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions and in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds. 

It may seem there are too many numbers to memorize in infrared spectroscopy. Hundreds of characteristic absorptions for different kinds of compounds are listed in Appendix 2. Please glance at Appendix 2, and note that Appendix 2A is organized visually, while Appendix 2B is organized by functional groups. For everyday use, we can get by with only a few stretching frequencies, shown in Table 12-2. When using this table, remember... 

After consulting these three single-volume references, one would turn to more comprehensive multivolume sources such as the Dictionary of Organic Compounds, Fifth Edition. This dictionary, still known as Heilbron, the name of its former editor, now comprises seven volumes of specific information, with primary literature references, on the synthesis, reactions, and derivatives of more than 50,000 compounds. Rodd s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, another valuable multivolume work with primary literature references, is organized by functional group rather than in dictionary form. Elsevier s Encyclopedia of Organic Compounds in about twenty volumes is an incomplete reference work on the chemical and physical properties of compounds. It is useful for those areas it covers. References to Elsevier are found in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 

Grignard reagents are least tolerant of common organic electrophilic functional groups, such as carbonyl and nitro groups, while organoboron compounds tolerate most such electrophiles. 

The carbonyl group in aldehydes (RCHO) and ketones (RCOR ) is one of the frequently encountered functionalities in the composition of organic compounds. This group has no active hydrogen atoms, excluding the cases of high content of enols for /3-dicarbonyl compounds (/3-diketones, esters of /3-ketocarboxylic acids, etc.) ... 

Asher, W. E., Pankow, J. F., Erdakos, G. B., and Seinfeld, J. H. (2002) Estimating the vapor pressures of multi-functional oxygen-containing organic compounds using group contribution methods, Atmos. Environ. 36, 1483-1498. 

It is also possible to add double-bonded radicals to the organic-acid functional group. For example, when the vinyl radical is attached to the carbon atom in the functional group, a three-carbon, double-bonded radical is created. The acryl radical is used for three carbons with a double bond the ending ic is added to the radical, and the word acid is added to the end. The compound formed is acrylic acid. The double bond between the carbons can come apart in a polymerization reaction. Generally, materials that have double bonds are reactive in some manner. If polymerization occurs inside a container, an explosion may occur that can produce heat, light, fragments, and a shock wave. 

Adipic acid, also known as hexanedioic acid, is an organic acid. It is a white, crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water. In addition to being a corrosive, it is also flammable however, it is a relatively stable compound. Adipic acid is used in the manufacture of nylon and polyurethane foams. It is also a food additive and adhesive. The structure and molecular formula are shown in Figure 10.10 notice that the structure has two organic-acid functional groups attached. 

All organic compounds are grouped into classes based on characteristic features called functional groups. Compounds with their functional groups are represented by two types of structural formulas. Expanded structural formulas show all covalent bonds, whereas condensed structural formulas show no covalent bonds or only selected bonds. 

Organic compounds are grouped by their functions as alkaloids, amides, alcohols esters (ethers), which are uni-, bi-, or trialcoholic if they contain in equal volumes the residues (see p. 417) of i, 2, or 3 molecules of alcohol according to the basicity of the acid from which they are derived aldehydes,... 

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