Organic acids structural feature

Aldehydes and Ketones — These share many chemical properties because they possess the carbonyl (C=0) group as a common feature of their structure. Aldehydes and ketones have lower boiling points and higher vapor pressures than their alcohol counterparts. Aldehydes and ketones through C< are soluble in water and have pronounced odors. Ketones are relatively inert while aldehydes are easily oxidized to their counterpart organic acids. 

The name, maleic anhydride, came about in the same fashion. as any number of compounds early in the petrochemical Business Many organic acids and their derivatives were given common names based on some early observations, their special source in nature, or on some special feature of their structure. MA was first isolated in the 1850—75 era by dehydration of malic acid, a sugar acid found in apple juice. The Latin word for apple is malum. Hence, malum, malic, maleic. The suffix, anhydride, which follows each alias of MA, has a simple definition a compound derived by the loss of a molecule of water from two carboxyl groups (-COOH). 

Etzrodt, G. (1993) Anti corrosion pigments. In Buxbaum, G. (ed.) Industrial inorganic pigments. VCH Weinheim, 186-206 Evanko, C.R. Dzombak, D.A. (1998) Influence of structural features on sorption of NOM-analogue organic acids to goethite. Environ. Sci.Techn. 32 2846-2855... 

This analysis suggests diat structural features which stabilize the conjugate base (often an anion) will therefore increase die acidity of an acid. While there are exceptions to diis general approach (e.g., comparison of die acidities of acids in die second and diird rows of die periodic table), it provides a sound basis for predicting what structural factors can increase or decrease the acidity of organic acids. 

On a relative basis, i.e. residues per 1000, there is virtually no one species like the other. In contrast, different shell samples from the same species and obtained from the same natural habitat yield identical amino acid patterns. It is of interest that (1) the structure of carbonates (aragonite-calcite-vaterite), (2) the content in trace elements, and (3) the stable isotope distribution are markedly effected by fluctuations in salinity, water temperature, Eh/pH conditions, and some anthropogenic factors. The same environmental parameters determine to a certain degree the chemical composition of the shell organic matrix. This feature suggests a cause-effect relationship between mineralogy and organic chemistry of a shell. In the final analysis, however, it is simply a reflection of the environmentally-controlled dynamics of the cell. 

Many anionic surfactants can react with a cationic dye such as methylene blue to form strong ion pairs that can be extracted by a suitable organic solvent and can be determined using colorimetric techniques. The anionic surfactants that respond to the methylene blue test are primarily the sulfonate (RS03 Na+) and the sulfate ester (R0S03 Na+) type substances. On the other hand, soaps and the alkali salts of fatty acids (C-10 to C-20) used in certain detergents do not respond to the above test. The various anionic surfactants and their characteristic structural features are presented in Figure 2.32.1. 

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