Optical second-harmonic generation

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) has recently emerged as a powerful surface probe [95, 96]. Second harmonic generation has long been used to produce frequency doublers from noncentrosymmetric crystals. As a surface probe, SHG can be caused by the break in symmetry at the interface between two centrosymmetric media. A high-powered pulsed laser is focused at an angle of incidence from 30 to 70° onto the sample at a power density of 10 to 10 W/cm. The harmonic is observed in reflection or transmission at twice the incident frequency with a photomultiplier tube. 

SHG Optical second-harmonic generation [95, 96] A high-powered pulsed laser generates frequency-doubled response due to the asymmetry of the interface Adsorption and surface coverage rapid surface changes... 

Shen Y R 1989 Optical second harmonic-generation at interfaces Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 40 327-50... 

Corn R M and Higgins D A 1994 Optical second-harmonic generation as a probe of surface-chemistry Chem. Rev. 94 107-25... 

Keller G 1986 Random-phase-approximation study of the response function describing optical second-harmonic generation from a metal selvedge Rhys. Rev. B 33 990-1009... 

Heinz T F, Tom H W K and Shen Y R 1983 Determination of molecular orientation of monolayer adsorbates by optical second-harmonic generation Phys. Rev. A 28 1883-5... 

Lantz J M and Corn R M 1994 Time-resolved optical second harmonic generation measurements of picosecond band flattening processes at single crystal TiO, electrodes J. Phys. Chem. 98 9387-90... 

Dadap J I, Shan J, Weling A S, Misewich J A, Nahata A and Heinz T F 1999 Measurement of the vector character of electric fields by optical second-harmonic generation Opt. Lett. 24 1059-61... 

Zhu X D, Rasing T H and Shen Y R 1988 Surface diffusion of CO on Ni(111) studied by diffraction of optical second-harmonic generation off a monolayer grating Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 2883-5... 

Aktsipetrov O A, Fedyanin A A, Golovkina V N and Murzina T V 1994 Optical second-harmonic generation... 

Nahata A, Heinz T F and Misewich J A 1996 High-speed electrical sampling using optical second-harmonic generation Appl. Phys. Lett. 69 746-8... 

Ohihoff C, Lupke G, Meyer C and Kurz H 1997 Static and high-frequency electric fields in silicon MOS and MS structures probed by optical second-harmonic generation Phys. Rev. B 55 4596-606... 

Reif J, Zink J C, Schneider C-M and Kirschner J 1991 Effects of surface magnetism on optical second harmonic generation Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 2878-81... 

Spierings G, Koutsos V, Wierenga H A, Prins M W J, Abraham D and Rasing Th 1993 Optical second harmonic generation study of interface magnetism Surf. Sc/. 287-8 747-9... 

In the single-domain state, many ferroelectric crystals also exhibit high optical nonlinearity and this, coupled with the large standing optical anisotropies (birefringences) that are often available, makes the ferroelectrics interesting candidates for phase-matched optical second harmonic generation (SHG). 

Yagi I, Lantz JM, Nakabayashi S, Corn RM, Uosaki K (1996) In situ optical second harmonic generation studies of electrochemical deposition of tellurium on polycrystalline gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 401 95-10... 

Yagi I, Nakabayashi S, Uosaki K (1998) Real time monitoring of electrochemical deposition of tellurium on Au(l 11) electrode by optical second harmonic generation technique. Surf Sci 406 1-8... 

Simon, H. J., Mitchell, D. E. and Watson, J. G. (1974) Optical second-harmonic generation with surface plasmons in silver films. Phys. Rev. Lett., 33, 1531-1534. 

Lantz, J. M. and Corn, R. M. (1994) Electrostatic field measurements and hand fiattening during electron-transfer processes at single-crystal Ti02 electrodes by electric field-induced optical second harmonic generation. J. Phys. Chem., 98, 4899-4905. 

Optical second harmonic generation ferrocenyl-nitrophenyl elhylene [16]... 

Akemann W, Friedrich KA, Linke U, Stimming U. 1998. The catal)4ic oxidation of carbon monoxide at the platinum/electrolyte interface investigated by optical second harmonic generation (SHG) Comparison of Pt(l 11) and Pt(997) electrode surfaces. Surf Sci 404 571-575. 

Liquid Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes Response Mechanisms Studied by Optical Second Harmonic Generation and Photoswitchable lonophores as a Molecular Probe... 

Recently, we [13,14] evidenced by ATR-IR spectroscopy that the membrane potential of ionophore-incorporated, PVC-based liquid membranes is governed by permselective transport of primary cations into the ATR-active layer of the membrane surface. More recently, we [14 16] observed optical second harmonic generation (SHG) for ionophore-incorporated PVC-based liquid membranes, and confirmed that the membrane potential is primarily governed by the SHG active, oriented complexed cations at the... 

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG), which is the conversion of two photons of frequency u to a single photon of frequency 2co, is known to be an inherently surface-sensitive technique, because it requires a noncentrosymmetrical medium. At the interface between two centrosymmetrical media, such as the interface between two liquids, only the molecules which participate in the asymmetry of the interface will contribute to the SHG [18]. SHG has been used as an in-situ probe of chemisorption, molecular orientation, and... 

To further corroborate these potentiometric results, we again used optical second harmonic generation (SHG). The SHG measurement system was essentially the same as used in the study described in Section II, except the laser beam was first reflected by a mirror and then totally reflected by the liquid-liquid interface. 

Organic Materials for Optical Second Harmonic Generation... 

TWIEG AND JAIN Optical Second Harmonic Generation 59... 

The phase-matching techniques for non-linear interactions in these fibres are discussed and optical second harmonic generation is demonstrated in monomode benzil crystal cored fibres. 

Non-linear optical interactions occur in materials with high optical intensities and have been used to produce coherent light over a wide range of frequencies from the far infra-red to the ultra-violet. The three wave mixing process is of particular interest as it can be used for optical parametric amplification and optical second harmonic generation (SHG) and occurs in non-centrosymmetric materials. 

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