Optical diffraction grating

Kumar A, Whitesides GM (1994) Patterned condensation figures as optical diffraction gratings. Science 263 60-62... 

Lateral nanostructures (e.g., Fresnel optics, diffraction gratings, lithography masks, memories/terabit chips, quantum-, molecular-, opto-, vacuum, and nanoelectronics, e.g., diode lasers with pyramid-shaped nanoquantum points, and quantum wires). 

The wear of PTFE fits into the overall trend. The wear debris in the case of PTFE is normally highly fibrilar in structure however. The glassy polymers, such as PMMA, form powders of more regular aspect ratio with less evidence of extensive plastic flow. Figure 5 shows the pronounced fibrilar formations produced by a PTFE pin when it is slid over an optical diffraction grating. 

Monochromator and related optics (diffraction grating, slits, focusing assembly, etc.)... 

Massari, A. M. Stevenson, K. J. Hupp, J. T. Development and application of patterned conducting polymer thin films as chemoresponsive and electrochemically responsive optical diffraction gratings. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 500, 185-191. 

Schanze, K. S., Bergstedt, T. S., and Hauser, B. T., Photolithographic patterning of electroactive polymer films and electrochemically modulated optical diffraction gratings, Adv. Mater., 8, 531-534 (1996). 

Kumar, A., and Whitesides, G. M. (1994) Patterned Condensation Figures as Optical Diffraction Gratings, Science 263, 60-62. 

The exposure of photosensitive glass is also possible using a focused beam of protons (proton beam writing). Microfluidic channels with integrated waveguides and optical diffraction gratings are made using this technique [45]. 

Figure B2.1.1 Femtosecond light source based on an amplified titanium-sapphire laser and an optical parametric amplifier. Symbols used P, Brewster dispersing prism X, titanium-sapphire crystal OC, output coupler B, acousto-optic pulse selector (Bragg cell) FR, Faraday rotator and polarizer assembly DG, diffraction grating BBO, p-barium borate nonlinear crystal.

Treacy E B 1969 Optical pulse compression with diffraction gratings IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 5 454-8... 

The construction of a typical monochromator is shown in Figure 10.12. Radiation from the source enters the monochromator through an entrance slit. The radiation is collected by a collimating mirror, which reflects a parallel beam of radiation to a diffraction grating. The diffraction grating is an optically reflecting surface with... 

Grossman, W. E. L. The Optical Characteristics and Production of Diffraction Gratings, /. Chem. Educ. 1993, 70, 741-748. Palmer, C. Diffraction Gratings, Spectroscopy 1995, 10(2),... 

Serious attempts to use LB films in commercial appHcations include the use of lead stearate as a diffraction grating for soft x-rays (64). Detailed discussion on appHcations of LB films are available (4,65). From the materials point of view, the abiHty to build noncentro symmetric films having a precise control on film thickness, suggests that one of the first appHcations of LB films may be in the area of second-order nonlinear optics. Whereas a waveguide based on LB films of fatty acid salts was reported in 1977, a waveguide based on polymeric LB films has not yet been commercialized. 

Optics) diffraction spot, -gitter, n. diffraction grating, -strahl, m. (Optics) diffraction ray. 

The spatially periodic temperature distribution produces the corresponding relxactive index distribution, which acts as an optical phase grating for the low-power probing laser beam of the nonabsorbed wavelength in the sample. The thermal diffusivity is determined by detecting the temporal decay of the first-order diffracted probing beam [°o exp(-2t/x)] expressed by... 

The capillary wave frequency is detected by an optical heterodyne technique. The laser beam, quasi-elastically scattered by the capillary wave at the liquid-liquid interface, is accompanied by a Doppler shift. The scattered beam is optically mixed with the diffracted beam from the diffraction grating to generate an optical beat in the mixed light. The beat frequency obtained here is the same as the Doppler shift, i.e., the capillary wave frequency. By selecting the order of the mixed diffracted beam, we can change the wavelength of the observed capillary wave according to Eq. (11). 

The basic instrumentation used for spectrometric measurements has already been described in the previous chapter (p. 277). Methods of excitation, monochromators and detectors used in atomic emission and absorption techniques are included in Table 8.1. Sources of radiation physically separated from the sample are required for atomic absorption, atomic fluorescence and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (cf. molecular absorption spectrometry), whereas in flame photometry, arc/spark and plasma emission techniques, the sample is excited directly by thermal means. Diffraction gratings or prism monochromators are used for dispersion in all the techniques including X-ray fluorescence where a single crystal of appropriate lattice dimensions acts as a grating. Atomic fluorescence spectra are sufficiently simple to allow the use of an interference filter in many instances. Photomultiplier detectors are used in every technique except X-ray fluorescence where proportional counting or scintillation devices are employed. Photographic recording of a complete spectrum facilitates qualitative analysis by optical emission spectrometry, but is now rarely used. 

Bailey, R. C. Hupp, J. T., Large scale resonance amplification of optical sensing of volatile compounds with chemoresponsive visible region diffraction gratings, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6767 6774... 

Fig. 13.22 (a) MNF/microsphere tool for surface sensing, (b) Transmission power dependence on the position of the microsphere at the diffraction grating surface. Comparison of two measure ments of the same grating region shows the reproducibility of measurements. Reprinted from Ref. 42 with permission. 2008 Optical Society of America... 

Figure 2.2 Schematic drawing of an optical emission spectrograph. Light from the sample is focused onto the input slit of the spectrograph and is then dispersed via a prism (or diffraction grating) and recorded on a photographic plate. (Adapted from Britton and Richards, 1969 Fig. 108, by permission of Thames and Hudson Ltd.)...

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