Opioids antidepressants

A. CNS depression is the principal effect of acute ethanol intoxication. Ethanol has additive effects with other CNS depressants such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioids, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. 

A. Haloperidol and droperidol potentiate central nervous system-depressant effects of opioids, antidepressants, phenothiazines, ethanol, barbiturates, and other sedatives. 

Antidepressants are used in the treatment of neuropathic pain and headache. They include the classic tricyclic compounds and are divided into nonselective nor-adrenaline/5-HT reuptake inhibitors (e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, venlafaxine), preferential noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (e.g., desipramine, nortriptyline) and selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (e.g., citalopram, paroxetine, fluoxetine). The reuptake block leads to a stimulation of endogenous monoaminer-gic pain inhibition in the spinal cord and brain. In addition, tricyclics have NMDA receptor antagonist, endogenous opioid enhancing, Na+ channel blocking, and K+ channel opening effects which can suppress peripheral and central sensitization. Block of cardiac ion channels by tricyclics can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. The selective 5-HT transporter inhibitors have a different side effect profile and are safer in cases of overdose [3]. 

Cytochrome P450 2D6, also termed debrisoquine-sparteine hydroxylase, is a mixed-function oxidase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum which is responsible for the biotransformation of several tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, beta-blockers, opioids, and many other drugs. 

Anxiety disorders are common in the population of opioid-addicted individuals however, treatment studies are lacking. It is uncertain whether the frequency of anxiety disorders contributes to high rates of illicit use of benzodiazepines, which is common in methadone maintenance programs (Ross and Darke 2000). Increased toxicity has been observed when benzodiazepines are co-administered with some opioids (Borron et al. 2002 Caplehorn and Drummer 2002). Although there is an interesting report of clonazepam maintenance treatment for methadone maintenance patients who abuse benzodiazepines, further studies are needed (Bleich et al. 2002). Unfortunately, buspirone, which has low abuse liability, was not effective in an anxiety treatment study in opioid-dependent subjects (McRae et al. 2004). Current clinical practice is to prescribe SSRIs or other antidepressants that have antianxiety actions for these patients. Carefully controlled benzodiazepine prescribing is advocated by some practitioners. 

One problem with both these theories is that disruption of noradrenergic transmission by selective adrenoceptor antagonists has little impact on the development of escape deficits. However, such antagonists do prevent the reversal of learned helplessness by antidepressants (reviewed by Stanford 1995). Also, it would be most unlikely that a deficit in only one neurotransmitter system fully accounts for learned helplessness. Indeed, there is plenty of evidence for a role for 5-HT in learned helplessness for instance, this behaviour is reversed by microinjection of 5-HT into the prefrontal cortex (Davis et al. 1999). Finally, it is clear that opioid, GABAergic and cholinergic systems (among others) are all linked with this behavioural deficit and even dihydropyridine antagonists of Ca + channels prevent its development. 

Opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, corticosteroids, dopamine agonists (e.g., amantadine, bromocriptine, levodopa, pergolide, pramipexole, ropinirole), H2-receptor antagonists, anticholinergics (e.g., diphenhydramine, trihexylphenidyl), P-adrenergic blockers, clonidine, methyldopa, carbamazepine, phenytoin, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, lithium, antidepressants (e.g., tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), and interleukin-2... 

Agents Acetaminophen or NSAID combinations with opioids Adjuncts Tricyclic antidepressants Anticonvulsants Radiopharmaceuticals (Bone pain) Acetamnophen (See above) Opioids Titrate Amitriptyline 10-50 mg Imipramine 10-50 mg NSAIDs (See above) Gabapentin (Neurontin) 3.6 g... 

One of the main side-effects of opioid analgesics, such as codeine and tramadol, is constipation. Amitriptyline (tricyclic antidepressant) and orphenadrine tend to have antimuscarinic properties, resulting in side-effects such as constipation. Senna is a stimulant laxative indicated in constipation. 

Tramadol is an opioid analgesic and when given to patients who are also receiving imipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant), there is an increased risk of central nervous system toxicity. The risk of occurrence of sedation is increased. 

Dextromethorphan (Mediquell, Benylin DM, PediaCare 1, Delsym, Others) [OTC] [Antitussive] Uses Control nonproductive cough Action Suppresses medullary cough center Dose Adults. 10-30 mg PO q4h PRN (max 120 mg/24 h) Peds. 2-6 y 2.5-7.5 mg q4-8h (max 30 mg/24 h) 7-12 y 5-10 mg q4-8h (max 60 mg/24/h) Caution [C, /-] Not for persistent or chronic cough Contra < 2 y. Disp Caps, lozenges, syrup, Liq SE GI disturbances Interactions T Effects W/ amiodarone, fluoxetine, quinidine, terbinafme T risk of serotonin synd Wf sibutramine, MAOIs T CNS depression Wf antihistamines, antidepressants, sedative, opioids, EtOH EMS Will not affect cough caused by asthma,... 

Flurazepam (Dalmane) [C-IV] [Sedative/Hypnotic/ Benzodiazepine] Uses Insomnia Action Benzodiazepine Dose Adults Beds >15 y. 15-30 mg PO qhs PRN X in elderly Caution [X, /-] Elderly, low albumin, hepatic impair Contra NAG PRG Disp Caps SE Hangover d/t accumulation of metabolites, apnea, anaphylaxis, angioedema, amnesia Interactions T CNS depression W/ antidepressants, antihistamines, opioids, EtOH T effects OF digoxin, phenytoin T effects W/ cimetidine, disulfiram, fluoxetine, iso-niazid, ketoconazole, metoprolol, OCPs, propranolol, SSRIs, valproic acid. 

Drug withdrawal reactions - tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, opioids. 

Blockers, digoxin, diltiazem, verapamil, tricyclic antidepressants -Blockers Opioids... 

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