Operator violation

Other Process Constraints Typical of these constraints are composition requirements, process temperature limits, desired recoveries, and yields. These are frequently the focus of operators. Violation of these constraints and an inability to set operating conditions that meet these constraints are frequently the motivation for the unit analysis. 

Most utilities in a real plant have certain constraints. For instance, there may be a constraint on the manpower or the maximum electric current or maximum steam demand, etc. If simultaneous processing of some basic operations violates any of these constraints, then those operations cannot be done simultaneously. Clearly there are no pre-specified periods for these and they will depend on the start times of basic operations. 

Moreover, it is important to keep a sense of perspective. Many good ideas in all parts of a company s business are rejected, or die stdlbom. The company does not founder as a result, nor is the safety of the operation violated. Moreover, if someone finds that his or her idea has been unfairly rejected during the informal review process yet still feels strongly that it should go forward, then this first refusal will be treated as being no more than an interim rebuff ( there are no obstacles—only opportunities ). He or she will continue to lobby for what they want and beheve in if necessary, they will resubmit a rejected proposal in a different form, or work it through different channels. A good Initiator does more than really propose an idea— he or she actively champions it. 

The operation violates a regulation, standard, or order related to commercial vehicle safety, health, or security, or... 

In 1992 -1993 almost at all WWER-1000 of Ukraine, Russia and then in Bulgaria incomplete RCCA insertion (i.e. RCCA stuck in intermediate position), RCCA drop time exceeds 4s (design time) have been revealed. The program of additional quarterly measurements of RCCA drop time was developed and implemented. In the case of RCCA operation violation (and when there was no chance to cease one) the unit had been transferred to the operational mode with three loops coolant circulation and with preliminary power reduction to 67% of... 

At 1 23 AM, the power output seemed to be stable at 0.2 GW. The operators violated yet another regulation by disabling the emergency SCRAM, an automatic interlock designed to stop the reactor whenever the neutron flux exceeds a safe limit. (In modem nuclear power plants, it is physically impossible to disable this control.)... 

In his presentation of Table 2.5-1, which delineates the operator violations, at the Vienna meeting, Legasov said that if any one of the first five violations had not been committed, the accident would not have happened. 

It was stated in Section XIII-6C that an adsorption maximum, as illustrated in Fig. Xin-15, implies a second law violation. Demonstrate this. Describe a specific set of operations or a machine that would put this violation into practice. 

The main drawback of the chister-m-chister methods is that the embedding operators are derived from a wavefunction that does not reflect the proper periodicity of the crystal a two-dimensionally infinite wavefiinction/density with a proper band structure would be preferable. Indeed, Rosch and co-workers pointed out recently a series of problems with such chister-m-chister embedding approaches. These include the lack of marked improvement of the results over finite clusters of the same size, problems with the orbital space partitioning such that charge conservation is violated, spurious mixing of virtual orbitals into the density matrix [170], the inlierent delocalized nature of metallic orbitals [171], etc. 

General Situation. Both unidirectional diffusion through stagnant media and equimolar diffusion are idealizations that ate usually violated in real processes. In gas absorption, slight solvent evaporation may provide some counterdiffusion, and in distillation counterdiffusion may not be equimolar for a number of reasons. This is especially tme for multicomponent operation. 

Mica mining is subjected to local, state, and federal laws. The Mining, Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) regularly monitors mica mining operations for safety violations. 

Air Pollution. Particulates and sulfur dioxide emissions from commercial oil shale operations would require proper control technology. Compliance monitoring carried out at the Unocal Parachute Creek Project for respirable particulates, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide from 1986 to 1990 indicate a +99% reduction in sulfur emissions at the retort and shale oil upgrading faciUties. No violations for unauthorized air emissions were issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during this time (62). 

Water Quality. AH commercial oil shale operations require substantial quantities of water. AH product water is treated for use and operations are permitted as zero-discharge facHities. In the Unocal operation, no accidental releases of surface water have occurred during the last four years of sustained operations from 1986 to 1990. The Unocal Parachute Creek Project compliance monitoring program of ground water, surface water, and process water streams have indicated no adverse water quaHty impacts and no violations of the Colorado Department of Health standards (62). 

For most processes, the optimum operating point is determined by a constraint. The constraint might be a product specification (a product stream can contain no more than 2 percent ethane) violation of this constraint causes off-specification product. The constraint might be an equipment hmit (vessel pressure rating is 300 psig) violation of this constraint causes the equipment protection mechanism (pressure relief device) to activate. As the penalties are serious, violation of such constraints must be very infrequent. 

Overview Reconciliation adjusts the measurements to close constraints subject to their uncertainty. The numerical methods for reconciliation are based on the restriction that the measurements are only subject to random errors. Since all measurements have some unknown bias, this restriction is violated. The resultant adjusted measurements propagate these biases. Since troubleshooting, model development, ana parameter estimation will ultimately be based on these adjusted measurements, the biases will be incorporated into the conclusions, models, and parameter estimates. This potentially leads to errors in operation, control, and design. 

Assumption 3 The variance of the random error term is constant over the ranges of the operating variables used to collect the data. When the variance of the random error term varies over the operating range, then either weighted least squares must be used or a transformation of the data must be made. However, this may be violated by certain transformations of the model. 

Two valves were closed in the auxiliary feedwater system (a violation of the Tech. Specs, for the operation of the plant),... 

An hour later, in preparation for the test, the ECCS was blocked for unknown icasons, in violation of regulations. This had no effect on the accident but indicates something about plant safety although the operators were reputed to be the best. 

At 0119 10, the operator began to increase the rate of feedwater return to reduce the recirculation flow to increase the water level in the steam drums. At 0119 45, the reduced inlet water. stopped water from boiling in the core. The absence of the steam voids reduced the reactivity, and control rods were withdrawn, such that only 6 to 8 rods were in the reactor, rather than the required 30. Then, to avoid reactor trip from steam drum or feedwater signals, their scram circuils v ere locked out (a safety regulation violation). 

In industrial premises it is also important that the target level values are guaranteed and that the ventilation system operation can be secured so that the process is not violated because of the ventilation. There are many examples where important fans have failed or important components have corroded, causing extensive losses for the company. In many cases the whole production plant has stopped. 

This section is concerned with errors that are often classified as "violations," that is, situations where established operating procedures appear to have been deliberately disregarded. Such violations sometimes arise because the prescribed way of performing the task is extremely difficult or is incompatible with the demands of production. Another cause is lack of knowledge of the... 

Violation Error/Failure A violation error occurs when an intended action is made which deliberately ignores known operational rules, restrictions, or procedures. However, this definition excludes actions that are deliberately intended to harm the system, which come within the category of sabotage. 

The worker knew that valve A had to be closed. However, it was believed by the workforce that despite the operating instructions, closing B had a similar effect to closing A and in fact produced less disruption to downstream production. Possible cause violation as a result of mistaken information and an informal company culture to concentrate on production rather than safety goals (wrong intention). 

The relevance of the information to the process worker is another factor in design. This principle is often violated with the introduction of new VDU-based computer systems where information needed to assist computer scientists or production managers is mixed with information relevant for the safe operation of the plant. Clearly, some kind of structuring and prioritization will be necessary for the different users of the system. 

Compatibility with Personnel Expectations Compatibility refers to the degree of similarity between the direction of physical movement of a control or an instrument indicator and the worker s expectations. Many errors are due to the fact that the operation of the controls or the layout of the displays is incompatible with population stereotypes. For instance, on a control panel it is customary to increase the value of a parameter by turning the appropriate switch clockwise and reduce its value by turning it coimterclockwise. (Note that this stereotype is the opposite for controls which control flow directly, e.g., valves.) If such a stereotype is violated, errors may occur. Although such errors may be recoverable in the short run, under the stress of a process transient they may lead to serious consequences. 

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