Operating manual modules

For air-flow control, the system may contain a control valve or damper that automatically or manually modulates system pressure drop. The dotted curves in Figure 4a on each side of the system resistance curve might represent operating extremes of the system resistance as the control valve is varied from maximum to minimum opening. These curves also intersect the fan curve at desirable operating portions of its range both for efficiency and flow control. 

DSC measurements were made using a DuPont 990 thermal analyzer with 920 DSC module. Procedures described in the instrument operating manual were used for temperature and calorimetric calibration. The prepreg samples v ere weighed 55-70mg (ca. 21-23mg resin) in open aluminum pans and run in static air. For isothermal analyses, the instrument settings were adjusted to optimize data collection at each temperature. 

The development of an operating manual should be a highly structured activity that is properly planned before the first words are written. The first modules will be broad in scope with very little detail. As more specific instructions are written, so they can be plugged into the overall structure, which will develop in ever-increasing levels of detail. At aU times, the people writing the... 

One of the advantages of having a clearly defined structure for the operating manual and its component procedures is that it is quite simple to add or remove modules. For example, in the case of Figure 6.21 it may be decided that a new procedure entitled Start the [Cooling Tower] Fans is needed. This new procedure will be carried out in parallel with the existing Start Water Pumps procedure. It must be complete before the Water Flow set of procedures can be started. The updated stracture is shown in Figure 6.22. 

When an operator opens an operating manual, he or she is looking at two pages. Therefore, as a means of structuring the manual, it makes sense to organize the procedures and instructions into modules that take up just two pages. If a procedure is too big for just two pages then it can be broken down into two smaller modules. 

Water Associates Data Module Model 730, Operator s Manual, Appendix E, Data Module GPC Applications, Manual No. OM.82908, Sept. 1981, Rev. B. 

Capital and Operating Costs of Pollution Control Equipment Modules-Volume ZZ. Data Manual, R5-73-023b, July 1973. 

Malvern Mastersizer X operates in the size range 0.1 to 2000 pm. A wide choice of modules can handle dry powders, suspensions, emulsions, aerosols and sprays in manual or fully automatic mode. 

If a sample is irradiated with polarized light, only those molecules with absorption axes parallel to the plane of polarization will absorb appreciable energy. The emission from the molecule is also polarized, and its plane of polarization will be fixed in relation to its absorption axis. If the molecule has not moved between the absorption and emission processes, all the emitted radiation will be in one plane of polarization. The spread in the plane of polarization of the emitted light is a function of the lifetime of the excited state and the rate of molecular movement. Polarization data give information on molecular size and shape and may be obtained by a combination of spectrum scanning with modulation of the emission signal by rotation of a polarizing film interposed between the sample and detector (K7). Most manufacturers supply a simple, manually operated attachment for polarization studies. 

The tasks of the analyst and the manager of the laboratory, as outlined in Figure 1, are redefined with the incorporation of expert systems into the laboratory procedures. Initially, the tasks which are to be performed by the expert system will be rudimentary and repetitive. Nonetheless, the manual performance of these tasks still requires the judgement and expertise of an analytical chemist or a skilled technician. An array of expert system modules can be incorporated into the normal functions of a fully automated laboratory information management system (a LIMS). The LIMS software would then be able to perform the following operations. 

Sample quantitation is a difficult operation to automate. Weighing Is In fact an off-line operation that cannot be readily Implemented by analyser modules with the exception of robot stations. On the other hand, electronic balances do allow the measured weight to be passed on to the analyser or Instrument microprocessor. In this case, the operation Is essentially manual as only data transfer Is automated. The quantitation of solid samples can be based on ... 

Figure 4.1 illustrates some of the ways In which the chief preliminary operations (sample collection and treatment) can be connected to each other and their relationship to the Instrument or analyser. Complete automation is achieved when no clear distinction can be established between all three stages. Human Intervention, on the other hand, Is minimal In on-line automation (e.g. via a sampler). Finally, off-line configurations Involve the Independent development of each preliminary operation in an automatic module liable to be connected on-line to a sampler however, in some of the connections, samples are transferred manually. Table 4.2 lists some of the different possibilities resulting from the various connections and separation techniques, Illustrated with examples corresponding to the different sections of this chapter. 

As all 30 samples are, apparently, measured in a simultaneous fashion, the system can be said to effect a parallel multi-determination —hence the generic name parallel fast analyser given by some workers to these instruments, which are even dealt with separately from batch analysers in automatic methods of analysis. However, such a difference is only apparent and, in fact, it is a typically discontinuous process, both because of the sequential measurement (with a single detector) and because there is a manual intermediate operation (the transport of the transfer disc from one module to the other). 

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