Operando spectroscopy

Meunier, F. and Daturi, M. (2006) Recent developments in in situ and operando spectroscopy for catalysis - Preface, Catal. Today, 113, 1. 

Wachs, I.E. (2003) Letter to the Editor International Congress on Operando Spectroscopy Fundamental and technical aspects of spectroscopy of catalysts under working conditions Lunteren, The Netherlands (March 2-6, 2003), Catal. Commun, 4, 567. 

Seguin, E., Thibault-Starzyk, F. and Arnolds, H. (2006) Coupling step scan IR and pulsed laser for operando at 33ns in catalysis, proceedings of operando - II Second international congress on operando spectroscopy, Toledo (Spain), 23-27 April, 2006. 

Significant attention has once again been devoted to the in-situ or operando EPR characterisation of the supported VOx catalysts under working conditions.99 100 The term operando spectroscopy has been recently introduced115116 to distinguish it from in-situ spectroscopy which is commonly used in a broader sense not necessarily implying the simultaneous product analysis and spectroscopic characterisation of the catalysts under working conditions. Bruckner et... 

Search the Internet for information on chemical waste streams (both the US EPA and the EU have excellent websites on this subject), and suggest an eco-friendly active catalyst and a support for each of the three options. Suggest two methods for characterizing your catalysts before and after the reaction, and one method for characterizing at least one of the catalysts during the reaction (see the literature on operando spectroscopy [29]). 

Weckhuysen, B.M. (2003) Determining the active site in a catalytic process operando spectroscopy is more than a buzzword. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5, 4351. 

To understand the complex chemistry and the catalyst s mode of action in situ, catalyst characterization/operando spectroscopy is necessary, but methods for G/L/S systems are still lacking. 

Beale AM, van der Eerden AMJ, Kervinen K, Newton MA, Weckhuysen BM. Adding a third dimension to operando spectroscopy a combined UV-Vis, Raman and XAFS setup to study heterogeneous catalysts under working conditions. Chem Commun. 2005 3015. 

Brandhorst M, Cristol S, Capron M, et al. Catalytic oxidation of methanol on M0/AI2O3 catalyst an EPR and Raman/infrared operando spectroscopies study. Catal Today. 2006 113 34. 

Operando spectroscopy spectroscopic characterization of an active sensing element in real time and under operating conditions with the simultaneous read-out of the sensor activity and simultaneous monitoring of gas composition. 

In order to study reactions in liquid phase, it is necessary to develop new experimental techniques that will allow operando spectroscopy and transient studies of liquid phase heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Essential for such technique is a reactor module. Chromolith HPLC column (Merck) [1] with sihca foam in a polymer cartridge is suitable as a reactor for transient experiments because the high surface area silica foam can act as support with relatively low pressure drop. However, thermal stability of this HPLC column is limited to low temperatures because of the polymer housing (<150°C). It is... 

Fundamental understanding of structure-function relationships is central for the design of improved selox catalysts, and has been greatly assisted by the development of new analytical tools with which to probe active sites at subnanometer spatial resolution [36] and subsecond time resolution. X-ray-based methods in particular can provide detailed insight into chemical composition and environment of active components and reacting adsorbates [140-142]. Quick and dispersive XAS have the capabihty to monitor dynamic changes in catalyst structure under reaction conditions (so-caUed operando spectroscopy) and have been applied to alcohol selox over Pd [96, 143-146], Pt [67, 147], and Ru [147] nanoparticles. 

Bruckner, A. (ed) (2010) Recent developments in operando spectroscopy. Catal. Today, 155, 155-330. 

Another important process in which catalyst deactivation by coke deposits plays an important role is propane dehydrogenation, which can be performed with a variety of materials, including metal and metal oxide catalysts. Different in situ and operando spectroscopies have been applied to these catalysts, including UV-vis, Raman, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopies [4, 115, 140],... 

Brookhaven National Laboratory (2012) Proceedings of 4th International Congress on Operando Spectroscopy, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, April 29-May 3, 2012, special issue Catalysis Today, Operando 2012. 

Heterogeneous catalysis and In Situ/Operando Spectroscopy Avda. Paisos Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain... 

Over the past two decades, Raman spectroscopy has been extensively applied during catalytic oxidation reactions by mixed-metal oxides and metals under in situ and operando spectroscopy conditions, which has allowed the direct identification of the catalytic active sites involved in the oxidation reactions. Among the multiple spectroscopic techniques that can provide information about the catalytic active sites under oxidation reaction conditions, Raman spectroscopy is unique because of its ability to directly provide molecular level information that allows discrimination among the different catalytic active sites which may be present in the oxidation catalyst. This chapter provides a snapshot of the types of fundamental information obtainable by Raman spectroscopy, and the different types of catalytic materials and oxidation reactions that have been reported, especially under oxidation reaction conditions. 

In situ EPR and UV-vis studies of oxidation catalysts can be divided in two main categories 1) monitoring of catalysts at elevated temperature under flowing gases including true reaction conditions, in some cases in connection to product analysis devices such as gas chromatography (GC) or mass spectrometry (MS) (known as operando spectroscopy) 2) measurement of catalysts at ambient or lower temperature after pre-treatment in certain gas atmospheres and/or adsorption of probe molecules without intermediate contact to the ambient atmosphere. In addition to... 

Fait, M., Schneider, M., Kontratenko, E., etal. (2009). Combination of a Multi-Channel Reactor System with UV/vis Spectroscopy or XRD Proof of Principle, Third International Congress on Operando Spectroscopy, 19-23 April 2009, Rostock-Warnemiinde, Germany. 

Banares, MA., Guerrero-Perez, M.O., Eieno, J.L.G., and Cortez, G.G. Raman spectroscopy during catalytic operations with on-hne activity measurement (operando spectroscopy) A method for understanding the active centres of cations supported on porous materials. 7 Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 3337-3342. 

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