OIL REMOVAL

In industry, the elimination of asphaltenes from oil involves using propane or butane. The utilization of a lighter paraffin results in the heavier paraffins precipitating along with the asphaltenes thereby diminishing their aromatic character. The oil removed from its asphaltene fraction is known as deasphalted oil or DAO. The precipitated portion is called asphalt. 

Immiscible wetting in mixers Sol-gel processes Pellet flocculation <0.3 Low Up to 10 ton/hr Wet processing based on flocculation properties of particulate feed Coal fines, soot and oil removal from water Metal dicarhide, silica hydrogels Waste sludges and slurries... 

THE WASTE WATER TREATMENT - OIL REMOVAL BY FREEZE AND THAW (MICROWAVE) METHOD... 

When the primary target is oil removal, we should distinguish between the forms of oil. There are two forms of oil that we find in wastewater. Free oil is oil that will separate naturally and float to the surface. Emulsified oil is oil that is held in suspension by a chemical substance (Detergents - Surfactants) or electrical energy. When making an evaluation, free oil will normally separate by gravity and float to the surface in approximately 30 minutes. Emulsified oil is held in a molecular... 

Schimmel Co. attempted to acetylise the alcohol by means of acetic anhydride, but the reaction product only showed 5 per cent, of ester, which was not submitted to further examination. The bulk of the alcohol had been converted into a hydrocarbon, with loss of water. Ninety per cent, formic acid is most suitable for splitting off water. Gne hundred grams of the sesquiterpene alcohol were heated to boiling-point with three times the quantity of formic acid, well shaken, and, after cooling, mixed with water. The layer of oil removed from the liquid was freed fi-om resinous impurities by steam-distillation, and then fractionated at atmo.spheric pressure. It was then found to consist of a mixture of dextro-rotatory and laevo-rotatory hydrocarbons. By repeated fractional distillation, partly in vacuo, partly at ordinary pressure, it was possible to separate two isomeric sesquiterpenes, which, after treatment with aqueous alkali, and distillation over metallic sodium, showed the following physical constants —... 

For this purpose 10 c.c. of oil are saponified for one hour with 20 c.c. of 2/N alcoholic potash. 25 c.c. of water are then added and the bulk of the alcohol evaporated off. The solution is then almost neutralised to phenolphthalein and the unsaponified oil removed by shaking out three times with ether. 

As regards the use of hydroxylamine for the estimation of ketones, it was recommended by Kremers in 1901 for the estimation of oarvone in spearmint oil, the ketoxime being formed by treating the oil with hydroxylamine, and the remainder of the oil removed by steam distillation, the crystalline ketoxime which is left being separated, dried, and weighed. 

The refrigerant flowpattern is dependent on the method of ensuring oil removal from the evaporator and, possibly, its return to the crankcase. 

The type of oil-removing equipment used may be alum or caustic precoat coke filters, diatomaceous earth filters, or coalescing filters, sometimes employing oleophilic resins as oil strippers. Phenolic formaldehyde demulsifiers are also sometimes used. 

Residues are extracted with acetone. The extract is rotary evaporated to remove acetone, the concentrated residue is diluted with 5% aqueous sodium chloride, and residues are partitioned into dichloromethane. The extract is then concentrated and purified on a silica gel column. Residues of pyriproxyfen are quantitated by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (GC/NPD). For citrus, a hexane-acetonitrile solvent partition step is required for oil removal prior to the dichloromethane partition step. 

This section describes the treatment techniques currently used or available to remove or recover wastewater pollutants normally generated by aluminum forming facilities. In general, these pollutants are removed by oil removal (skimming, emulsion breaking, and flotation), chemical precipitation and sedimentation, or filtration.6- 3... 

This section describes the treatment technologies currently in use to recover or remove wastewater pollutants normally found at coil coating facilities. The treatment processes can be divided into six categories recovery techniques, oil removal, dissolved inorganics removal, cyanide destruction, trace organics removal, and solids removal.5-14 Adoption of specific treatment processes will depend on the following ... 

Pollutant parameters and their concentrations found in the oily waste subcategory streams are shown in Table 9.9. The oily waste subcategory for the metal finishing industry is characterized by both concentrated and dilute oily waste streams that consist of a mixture of free oils, emulsified oils, greases, and other assorted organics. Applicable treatment of oily waste streams is dependent on the concentration levels of the wastes, but oily wastes normally receive specific treatment for oil removal prior to solids removal waste treatment. 

Removal of NAPL can present problems, particularly if emulsion is involved. Emulsion is an intimate mixture of two liquids not miscible with each other, as oil and water. Water-in-oil emulsions have water as an internal phase and oil as the external phase, whereas oil-in-water emulsions reverse the order. Oil-water separation is required prior to downstream treatment processes. Several specific oil removal technologies are presented below. 

Membrane processes such as ultrahltrahon or reverse osmosis have been proposed as oil removal processes. Laboratory tests have indicated favorable oil removal, although relatively low flux rates, membrane fouling, and membrane life problems have presented concerns for the practical applicahon of membrane processes to oil removal. 

Activated alumina Drying of gases, organic solvents, transformer oils removal of HC1 from hydrogen removal of fluorine and boron-fluorine compounds in alkylation processes. 

In general, at hydrophobic surfaces the final stage of the spontaneous complete oil removal will not be achieved, since a wetting equilibrium will be reached. The necessary additional work for complete removal of an oil droplet from the system must be added to the system in the form of mechanical energy. 

Solvent-refined and dewaxed lube oil stocks can be further refined by clay or acid treatment to remove color-forming and other undesirable materials. Continuous contact filtration, in which an oil-clay slurry is heated and the oil removed by vacuum filtration, is the most widely used... 

Figure 12 Typical subsurface waste disposal system. Waste is treated for oil removal, filtered, and chemically treated before subterranean injection. (From Ref. 27.)...

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