Offline Selection

Background from non-collision events is reduced by requiring a reconstructed primary vertex with more than three tracks while beam-induced background events were rejected if the fraction of high-purity tracks to all tracks was less than 0.25. 

Events with a reconstructed global muon with transverse momentum pr 6 GeV and pseudorapidity jj 2.1 are selected. In order to improve the background rejection, quality criteria on the number of hits in the tracker and muon detector, the 

The fc-jet is defined as the TrackJet containing the muon. After subtracting the muon momentum from the TrackJet momentmn, the TrackJet energy is required to fulfill Et 1 GeV. The probability of associating a TrackJet to the reconstructed muon is 11A 0.3 and 80.8 0.1% in data and simulation, respectively. A total of 16826 data events pass the selection. 

The distribution of the TrackJet kinematic variables are compared to simulation and the result is displayed in Fig. 6.4. In general, the data distribution are well described by simulation. The TrackJet pseudorapidity distribution is more central since it is correlated with the pseudorapidity distribution of the muon which also shows this feature. The disagreement between data and MC in the TrackJet transverse energy distribution at low transverse energy is due to the imperfect PYTHIA D6T tune which does not describe correctly the track multiplicity and the track transverse momentum spectrum for low transverse momentum tracks [3]. 

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The efflciency of the trigger and offline selection is obtained from the MC simulation as... 

Heavy industrial boilers operating in continuous processes may be online for perhaps four or even five years before shutting down for maintenance and inspection. Here, correct boiler plant materials selection is critical, and the quality of the various utility support functions must be outstanding if forced outages are to be avoided. A heavy industrial or utility boiler that is unintentionally offline may cost 1 million a day in lost production or electricity generation. 

For the activity tests an 8-fold batch reactor system (reactor volume 20 ml) with magnetic stirring which allows the measurement of hydrogen uptake at constant hydrogen pressure was used. Analysis of substrates and products was performed offline by GC for determining selectivity values. Activity values were derived from hydrogen up-take within a defined time interval. Hydrogenation of both cinnamic acid and dibenzylether were carried out at 10 bars and 25°C. 

The number of detectors that are sensitive and selective enough to be applied online with LC is limited because the solvents used are not compatible, as in the case of immunochemical detection after reversed- or normal-phase LC. The technology of coupling is still under development and not yet available in a large number of laboratories not specialized in techniques such as LC-MS. Therefore, LC separations are frequently followed by offline detection. Confirmatory analysis of suspected liquid chromatographic peaks can be made possible by coupling liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization LC-MS has been employed for the identification of six steroid hormones in bovine tissues (448). 

An offline measurement apparatus is usually not directly mounted on the reactor, but is fed with samples withdrawn from it manually or automatically. This is the typical case of chromatography, a widely used measurement device for gas and liquid composition. Both gas and liquid chromatographies are based on the separation of the sample by means of selective adsorption on a solid substrate posed in a fixed bed column, and on the detection of the change of a suitable property of the (gas or liquid) carrier, usually thermal conductivity. 

Figure 8.4 The compression power used and membrane area required for nitrogen membrane production as a function of membrane selectivity. The membrane permeability used for each selectivity is taken from the Robeson upper-bound trade-offline shown in Figure 8.3. All numbers are shown relative to a membrane with a selectivity of 6 and an oxygen permeability of 0.8 Barren...

Besides derivatization or selective analysis using SPME, off-line pyrolysis before a chromatographic analysis can be used for various other purposes. One such purpose is the use in the pyrolyzer of larger samples, which would not be appropriate to send directly into a GC instrument. Larger sample must be used in specific applications, for example in the analysis of trace components in pyrolysates. Another application of offline systems Is found when a dedicated GC or GC-MS instrument cannot be afforded only for pyrolysate analysis. 

Data evaluation is nearly as important as data acquisition and despite the many good offline options of the various AFM softwares and separate programs, many data published still to date suffer from artefacts introduced in the data processing and evaluation phase. A full account on data treatment, analysis, and evaluation is out of scope of this book therefore, we will focus on a few selected procedures that are most relevant and can be carried out on most commercial AFM brands without other specialized software. 

One alternative to the direct online measurement of polymer properties is to use a process model in conjunction with optimal state estimation techniques to predict the polymer properties. Indeed, several online state estimation techniques such as Kalman filters, nonlinear extended Kalman filters (EKF), and observers have been developed and applied to polymerization process systems. ° In implementing the online state estimator, several issues arise. For example, the standard filtering algorithm needs to be modified to accommodate time-delayed offline measurements (e.g., MWD, composition, conversion). The estimation update frequency needs to be optimally selected to compensate for the model inaccuracy. Table 5 shows the extended Kalman filter algorithm with delayed offline measurements. Fig. 2 illustrates the use of online state estimator... 

Click the Start ACT button, which will run ACT using Java Web Start see Note 1). The first time ACT is launched, the software will be downloaded, but this will then be stored on the local computer, so will not be downloaded again unless an updated version of the software is available. ACT is then launched, (Fig. 1[4]) and the selected sequences and comparisons are loaded. Comparison data can also be downloaded by clicking the Download files button for offline use or reloading into WebACT at a later date see Note 2 and Fig. 1[5]). 

Materials selected for piping in mild to moderately corrosive services are sometimes less conservative than those for vessels, heat exchangers, tanks, and pumps in the same services. In this case, piping materials may be chosen on the basis of a shorter design life. This is usually justified because piping is easier to inspect, both online and offline. Also, piping is usually easier to replace and does not have the long lead-time problem often associated with fabricated equipment, vessels, etc. 

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