Of nausea and vomiting

Under conditions of normal use, detergent products are not lia2ardous to users. Nonetheless, surfactants possess some toxicity, and they are mild irritants. Particularly under conditions of misuse, such as accidental ingestion or spillage, they can produce irritation and discomfort in the form of nausea and vomiting, as well as irritation to skin and eyes. The long-term effects, however, are minimal (134). 

Antiemetic—to lessen the incidence of nausea and vomiting during the immediate postoperative recovery period. 

So, the 20th century actually led to an almost total disappearance of C. sativa for medicinal purposes. The only source for THC, which became the focus of scientific research, was fhe rafher fedious exfracfion and purification from confiscated hashish or marihuana. In 1972 the first commercially viable total synthesis of A9-THC was established and it became the first cannabinoid available as a modern medicine in the form of soft gel capsules (the active ingredient being called dronabinol from tetrahydrocannabinol) under the trade name Marinol for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during cancer chemotherapy. 

The indication prevention of nausea and vomiting during cancer chemotherapy came from experiences of marihuana-smoking patients, not from pharmacological research [129]. 

In contrast to THC (an oxygen-sensitive resin), nabilone (8.3) is a crystalline stable substance. It is about five to ten times more potent than THC [144]. It was developed by Lilly and marketed as Cesamed in several countries, mainly for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy. Recently it was approved in the USA for the treatment of neuropathic pain. 

The primary goal of treatment is to relieve the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, which should increase the patient s quality of life. Drug therapy for nausea and vomiting should be safe, effective, and economical. 

The symptoms of simple nausea and vomiting are self-limited or can be relieved with minimal treatment. Monitor patients for adequate oral intake and alleviation of nausea and vomiting. 

Develop a treatment plan with the patient and other health care professionals if appropriate. Choose therapeutic options based on the underlying cause of nausea and vomiting, duration and severity of symptoms, comor-bid conditions, medication allergies, presence of contraindications, risk of drug-drug interactions, and treatment adverse-effect profiles. 

Provide patient education regarding causes of nausea and vomiting, avoidance of triggers, potential complications, therapeutic options, medication adverse effects, and when to seek medical attention. 

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP therapeutic guidelines on the pharmacologic management of nausea and vomiting in adult and pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy or radiation therapy or undergoing surgery. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 1999 56 729-764. 

If sedatives, barbiturates, antipsychotic drugs, stimulants, opiates and thyroid medications all outperform inert placebos in the treatment of depression, does this mean that any active drug can function as an antidepressant Apparently not. In September 1998 the pharmaceutical company Merck announced the discovery of a novel antidepressant with a completely different mode of action than other medications for depression. This new drug, which they later marketed under the trade name Emend for the prevention of nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, seemed to show considerable promise as an antidepressant in... 

Applied to the skin in a transdermal patch (tra ns dermal therapeutic delivery systemX this drug is used to prevent or reduce the occurrence of nausea and vomiting that are associated with motion sickness. 

The answer is e. (Hardmanr p 930.) All the drugs listed in the question are used as antiemetics. Chlorpromazine is a general antiemetic, used orally, rectally, or by injection for the control of nausea and vomiting that is caused by conditions that are not necessarily defined. Ondansetron is indicated in the oral or intravenous route for the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy Diphenhydramine and dimen-hydrinate are used orally for the active and prophylactic treatment of motion sickness. Scopolamine is a transdermal preparation used in the prevention of motion sickness. The drug is incorporated into a bandage-like... 

A variety of other common etiologies have been proposed for the development of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. These are presented in Table 27-3. 

The clinical presentation of nausea and vomiting is given in Table 27-4. Nausea and vomiting may be classified as either simple or complex. 

Nonchemotherapy Etiologies of Nausea and Vomiting in Cancer Patients... 

Common antacid dosage regimens for the relief of nausea and vomiting include one or more small doses of single- or multiple-agent products. 

Aprepitant is the first approved member of this class of drugs and is indicated as part of a multiple drug regimen for prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting associated with high-dose cisplatin-based chemotherapy. 

Initial management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy often involves dietary changes and/or lifestyle modifications. 

With enterocolitis, patients often complain of nausea and vomiting within 72 hours of ingestion followed by crampy abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea, although the actual presentation is quite variable. 

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