Of diethanolamine

Cmea = molar concentration of monoethanolamine Cdea = molar concentration of diethanolamine... 

The presence of the large excess of diethanolamine and its derivatives in regular diethanolamides increases water solubiUty compared to... 

Regular fatty acid diethanolamides are prepared by heating fatty acid with diethanolamine at 160—180°C for 2—4 h. Superamides are prepared by heating a fatty acid methyl ester with an equimolar amount of diethanolamine at 100—110°C for 2—4 h the methanol formed is distilled off (Table 23). 

Example 4. Glycolysis of Polyurethanes with Propylene Oxide after Pretreatment with a Mixture of Diethanolamine and Potassium Hydroxide.57 Polyurethane scrap was treated with a mixture of diethanolamine and potassium hydroxide at a temperature between about 80 and 140° C with stirring to form an intermediate product. The weight ratio of the scrap PUR polymer to the mixture of diethanolamine and potassium hydroxide was from about 15 1 to 30 1. The intermediate product was reacted with propylene oxide at a temperature of from about 100 to 120°C in a closed reaction vessel to form a polyol. The propylene oxide was added at a rate to maintain a pressure of from about 2 to 5 atm (29-73 psi). The progress of the reaction was followed by following the change of pressure with time. When the pressure remained constant, the reaction of the intermediate product with propylene oxide was considered to be complete. The crude polyol obtained was treated with 10 mol % excess of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid to remove the potassium hydroxide. 

A solution of a surfactant mixture in liquid paraffin, containing oil-soluble oxyethylated alkylphenol, having the formula with an Cg to C12 alkyl rest, the alkylphosphate of a higher fatty acid alcohol (RO)2PO — OH where R is Cio to C20, and a fatty acid amide of diethanolamine, are suitable for removing oils... 

Cupric acetate solution. Dissolve 400 mg cupric acetate in 250 mL of ethanol. Dilute 25 mL of this solution to 100 mL with ethanol Color reagent solution. Mix 400 mL of ethanol with 120 mL of copper acetate solution and 100 mL of diethanolamine in a 1000-mL volumetric flask. After dissolution, adjust the volume to 1000 mL with ethanol... 

Davidow (19), of the Food and Drug Administration, has described a colorimetric method applicable to technical chlordan. The method is based on the observation that when technical chlordan is heated with a mixture of diethanolamine and methanolic potassium hydroxide, a purple color is produced. When known amounts of this insecticide were added to cabbage, pears, and fresh and rancid rat fat, recoveries of 74 to 104% of the insecticide were obtained. However, because two crystalline isomers of chlordan isolated from the technical product do not give a colored reaction product with the reagent, further investigation of the method is being made. The red color obtained when technical chlordan is heated with pyridine, alcoholic alkali, and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, as described by Ard (2), likewise fails with the crystalline isomers of this insecticide. 

Figure 8 Anion exchange separation of diethanolamine (DEA), glycine, hydroxyethyl glycine (HEG), iminodiacetic acid (IDA), and glyphosate followed by ECL detection. Mobile phase consisting of 0.01 mM Ru(bpy)32+ in 10% acetonitrile, 90% 0.01 M phosphate buffer at pH 9.8. (Reprinted from Ref. 61, with permission from, and copyright, Elsevier Science.)...

FADAs are nitrogen derivatives of coconut oil synthesised from fatty acid and diethanolamine. Equimolar amounts of the two starting compounds yield water-insoluble monoethanolamides, whereas the reaction of two moles of diethanolamine with one of the acids results in water-soluble FADA possessing the typical alkyl chain distribution with the C12/C14 homologues prevailing [33]. 

Fig. 8). Signals from molecules with ratios of anhydride (A)/diisopropanol-amine (D) of n n and n (n-b 1) were predominantly observed. Other signals, for example composed of n (n+2), n (n+3), etc., indicative of the reaction proceeding via pathway C in Fig. 6 (observed abundantly in resins made of diethanolamine) appeared only in minor amounts. The signals with n n ratios of an-hydride/diisopropanolamine, also present in minor amounts (usually between 5% and 20%) compared to the n (n-i-1), can be ascribed to cycle formation [14]. The relative abundance of these perspective peak series varied considerably with the monomer ratios, i. e., molecular weights and the type of cyclic anhy-... 

Haimonr, N.M. Solnbility of N2O in aqneons solutions of diethanolamine at different temperatnres, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 35(2) 177-178, 1990. 

A number of secondary high explosives containing both nitramine and nitrate ester functionality have been reported. Aliphatic examples include A-nitrodiethanolamine dinitrate (DINA) (110), prepared from the nitration of diethanolamine with nitric acid-acetic anhydride in the presence of zinc chloride,and A,A -dinitro-A,A -bis(2-hydroxyethyl)oxamide dinitrate (NENO) (111), prepared from the mixed acid nitration of A,lV -bis(2-hydroxyethyl) oxamide . 

Toxicology. In animal studies, target organs of diethanolamine (DEA) toxicity have included bone marrow, kidney, testis, skin, and central nervous system. 

In 2-year dermal studies there was no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats but there was clear evidence of carcinogenicity in mice based on increased incidences of liver neoplasms in males and females and increased incidences of renal tubule neoplasms in males. It has also been noted that in the presence of N-nitrosating agents, DEA may give rise to 7VN-nitrosodiethanolamine, a known animal carcinogen. The lARC has determined that there is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of diethanolamine in experimental animals and inadequate evidence in humans. ... 

Marty MS, Neeper-BradleyTL, Neptun DA, et al Developmental toxicity of diethanolamine applied cutaneously to CD rats and New Zealand White rabbits. Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 30 169-181, 1999... 

Melnick RL, Mahler J, Bucher JR, et al Toxicity of diethanolamine. 1. Drinking water and topical application exposures in F344 X2XS.J Appl Toxicol 14 1-9, 1994... 

Miller FA, Scherberger RF, Tischer KS, Webber AM Determination of microgram quantities of diethanolamine, 2-methy-laminoethanol, and 2-diethylaminoethanol in air. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 28 330-334, 1967... 

In the context of mechanism, substrates with two or more OH groups are of particular interest since the question arises as to whether the groups will react in sequence or in parallel. If the reaction is wholly or partially sequential then an intermediate containing both OH and COO groups will be present at partial conversion. In order to determine if this happens, a method for analysis of the intermediate(s) at different stages of reaction is needed. In the present work we have developed H NMR spectroscopy for this purpose and made use of it to follow the reaction of diethanolamine, reaction [3]. 

Figure 3. NMR spectra for samples taken during the oxidative dehydrogenation of diethanolamine over unpromoted copper.

Figure 4. NMR spectra for a sample taken at 71% conversion during the reaction of diethanolamine over chromia-promoted copper with and without glycine added.

Worldwide production of ethanolamines in 1985 was approximately (thousand tonnes per year) United States, 220 western Europe, 145 south-east Asia, 40 South America, 18 eastern Europe, 4. About 50% of world production of ethanolamines in 1985 was monoethanolamine, 30-35% diethanolamine and 15-20% triethanolamine (Hammer et al, 1987). Estimated annual production of diethanolamine in the United States is presented in Table 1. 

Table 1. Estimated annual production of diethanolamine in the USA (thousand tonnes)...

Table 2. Major uses of diethanolamine in the United States...

Production of diethanolamine and its wide use in industrial and consumer products may result in its release to the environment (Yordy Alexander, 1981 Beyer et al., 1983 Environment Canada, 1995 Mathews et al., 1995 Knaak eta/., 1997). 

According to the Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory, air emissions of diethanolamine from 358 industrial facilities in 1994 were approximately 149 200 kg in the United States (Environmental Protection Agency, 1996). According to the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) of Canada, on-site releases of diethanolamine to air from 74 facilities amounted to about 40 000 kg (Environment Canada, 1995). 

Because of the spectrum of industrial and consumer uses of diethanolamine and its miscibility with water, large amounts of the chemical can be discharged into wastewater and sewage in an unaltered form (Yordy Alexander, 1981 Mathews etal., 1995). 

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