Of Bunsen

The law of Dalton received experimental confirmation, in so far as sparingly soluble gases are concerned, by the extensive eudiometric researches of Bunsen (1855), who shook up the gas mixture with the liquid in a tube ( absorptiometer ) in which the pressure and volume were variable, and analysed the solution and resulting gas mixture. 

In writing the Etudes de dynamique chimique (1884), van t Hoff drew on Helmholtz s 1882 paper but especially on the work of August Horstmann, a student of Bunsen, Clausius, and H. Landolt.59 As has often been discussed, van t Hoffs was an ambitious and original synthesis of disconnected ideas and theories about opposing forces, equilibrium, active masses, work and affinity, electromotive force, and osmotic pressure. He demonstrated that the heat of reaction is not a direct measure of affinity but that the so-called work of affinity may be calculated from vapor pressures (the affinity of a salt for its water of crystallization), osmotic pressure (affinity of a solute for a solution), or electrical work in a reversible galvanic cell (which he showed to be proportional to the electromotive force). 

The practicality of understanding stability limits is uniquely obvious when one considers the design of Bunsen tubes and cooking stoves using gaseous fuels. 

Early in his life he left his children such a large inheritance that his son Karl was able to pursue his studies of chemistry in 1878 in Vienna with Professor lAjeSaen and in 1880 with Bunsen in Heidelberg without material worries. In the laboratory of Bunsen he was first introduced into the chemistry of the rare earth elements. Uhtil his death in 1929 he remained true to this field of work. The intensive involvement in spectroscopy with Bunsen also made him familiar with the problems of radiant li t v ch without doiibt was important for his later invention of Auer-Li t and with that the use of the rare earth elements. Further, he had an insight into the work of winning the rare earth metals from their salts through Bunsen, Hill rand and Norton A)o succeeded for the first time in 1875 to produce rare ecu h metals by electrolysis vhich later was further developed in Munich by Muthmann. Ihe concepts "pyrophor" and "pyrophoricity" originate from Auer von Welsbach. 

After the brilliant researches of Bunsen and Kirchhoff had paved the way, other new elements were soon revealed by the spectroscope. Among these may be mentioned thallium, indium, gallium, helium, ytterbium, holmium, thulium, samarium, neodymium, praseodymium, and lutetium. 

May 14,1899 Aug. 16,1899 1899 1900 1900 Death of Nilson. Death of Bunsen. Debierne discovers actinium. Dorn discovers radon (radium emanation). Sir William Crookes discovers uranium Xj. 

Figure 5. The spectroscope of Bunsen and Kirchhoff. Above, figure from reference (8). Below, photo of original spectroscope on display case at Fleidelberg University. (Photo Copyright J. L. and V. R. Marshall.)... 

On the basis of Bunsen and Shishkov s investigations, Berthelot [46] derived the following equation for the decomposition of the powder ... 

According to the recent analysis, of Bunsen, however, it appears that the composition of the compound is NIj, NHg, but tbat another compound of these elements exists, presenting the composition indicated by the formula 4 (NIj), NH, and which results from the precipitation of an aqueous solution of chloride of iodine by ammonia. In either case he regards.these iodides as ammonia compounds, in which the hydrogen is entirely replaced by iodine, and which, unite with an equivalent of undecomposed ammonia, as,expressed by the formula. He gives the- equation representing the formation of this explosive body by the mutual action of iodine and ammonia, thus—... 

Flow of Suspended Particles. Small particles suspended in the combustible stream have been used for the study of Bunsen flames. Andersen and Fein 2P) use strobo-scopically illuminated particle tracks for the determination of normal burning velocities and flame temperatures. Flame studies using similar techniques are reported by Fristrom, Avery, Prescott, and Mattuck (3P). Wolfhard and Parker 10P) have made temperature measurements of flames containing incandescent particles. The acceleration of flow through a flame front causes particles greater than about 2 microns to lag. Thus, the particles may not follow the flow streamlines. Gilbert, Davis, and Altman (4P) discuss the corrections which must be applied to obtain accurate results. 

Further developments in calorimetry include the invention of the twin- calorimeter" by Joule (1845) and its modification by Pfaundler (1869XRef 25,p 543) "phase- change calorimer (isothermal) of Bunsen(Ref 15,p 796 Ref 25,p 547) "labirinth flow calorimeter (Ref 25,p 549) "adiabatic calorimeter (nonisothermal), first used by Richards in 1905 (Ref 15,p 797) and modified by Yost, Osborne others (Ref 25,p 550)(See also Ref 3,p ll6)(Parr adiabatic calorimeter is described in Refs 16 29) "constant- temperature- enviroment calorimeter", first used by Nemst in 1907, was modified by Giauque in 1923(Ref 15>p 797)... 

Faber(Ref 1) describes the following quantitative tests moisture, Ba(C103)2.H20 content hypochlorites, bromates, acidity, insoluble mattet, Ca salts Na salts, but he advises to make preliminarily the following qualitative tests for the purpose of detg the purity of the salt in a general way, in order to indicate the method of procedure a)Flame test - by means of a Pt wire moistened with coned HCl, dipped in the powdered salt and heated in the flame of Bunsen burner and b)Chloride test - by adding a few drops of Ag nitrate soln to a soln of Ba chlorate. 

Furnaces.—Gas- or electrically-heated furnaces (Fig. 61 or 62) can be used. The gas furnace consists of a series of Bunsen flames impinging... 

Seyferth, D. (2001) Cadet s fuming arsenical liquid and the cacodyl compounds of Bunsen. Organometallics, 20, 1488-98. 

Line spectra were first observed by J. von Fraunhofer, D. Brewster, and J. F. W. Herschel in the 1820s.180 In the ensuing decades a considerable amount of work was done on spectral phenomena prior to the demonstration by Bunsen and Kirchhoff in 1859 that line spectra could be used for qualitative chemical analysis. Accounts have appeared of the development of the spectroscope both prior and post Bunsen and Kirchhoff.181-183 Significant observations were undoubtedly made prior to 1860 by Stokes, Stewart, Fox Talbot, and others. The priority claims of Stokes, who recorded his ideas in some private letters to William Thomson, have been examined.184 The work of Bunsen and Kirchhoff did not owe a great deal to that of their predecessors, with the exception of the demonstration by W. Swan in 1856 that the almost omnipresent yellow line that coincided with Fraunhofer s dark solar D line was due to contamination by minute quantities of sodium salts.185 186 Platinum played an important role in the early development of spectroscopy. The metal was widely used to support the material in the flame, since it did not colour the flame itself. Bunsen ensured the purity of all his samples for spectrum analysis by recrystallization (sometimes up to fourteen times) in platinum vessels, thereby preventing contamination by minute quantities of salts that could be leached from glass vessels.187 Sharply contrasting views have been expressed about the failure of chemists prior to Bunsen to exploit spectroscopy.188-190... 

The efficiency of the cycle was evaluated to be close to 39%, a value which is not far from what would be expected from alkaline electrolysis using the 50% efficiency electricity produced by a V/HTR. There may be some room for possible process improvements, especially in terms of Bunsen section optimisation, but recent thermodynamic data will more likely lead to a revision of the efficiency to a lower value. Furthermore, Figure 3 demonstrates that efficiency is not the dominant factor for cycle competitiveness. 

The righthand illustration shows the simple and elegant construction of Bunsen and Kirchhoff s first form of spectroscope. A prism is supported within a box (A). 

D. Seyferth, Cadet s Fuming Arsenical Liquid and the Cacodyl Compounds of Bunsen,... 

J. Benard, F. Gronlund, J. Oudar, M. Duret, "Observations recentes sur le processus d oxydadon du cuivre par germination. " Presented at meeting of Bunsen Gesellschaft, October, 1958. 

These can be used instead of Bunsen burners or microbumers provided that the temperature required is not too high. The main uses of hot-air guns are for drying glassware and as a heat source for distillation of liquids at relatively moderate temperatures up to about 120 °C. 

Within a period of four years after the work of Bunsen and Kirchhoff, four new elements were discovered cesium, rubidium, thallium, and indium. All four elements are named after the color of their spectral lines. The discoverer of thallium was British physicist Sir William Crookes (1832-1919). 

Atomic spectroscopy is the oldest instrumental elemental analysis principle, the origins of which go back to the work of Bunsen and Kirchhoff in the mid-19th century [1], Their work showed how the optical radiation emitted from flames is characteristic of the elements present in the flame gases or introduced into the burning flame by various means. It had also already been observed that the intensities of the element-specific features in the spectra, namely the atomic spectral lines, changed with the amount of elemental species present. Thus the basis for both qualitative and quantitative analysis with atomic emission spectrometry was discovered. These discoveries were made possible by the availability of dispersing media such as prisms, which allowed the radiation to be spectrally resolved and the line spectra of the elements to be produced. 

To establish the closed-loop operation technology, the composition and the flow rate of the process solution maintain to be constant for the steady state operation. The separation properties of solution in the liquid phase separator to keep the constant composition and flow rate of the process solution. Sakurai et al. [4] was reported the effects of solution temperature and composition of initial solution in the liquid phase using HI-H2SO4-I2 solution. They found that the separation properties were improved with the increase in iodine concentration. The control of the side reaction in the liquid phase separation of Bunsen reaction is also important to establish the closed-cycle operation technology. 

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