Of blood group-A substance

These have proved invaluable sources of blood group A substances, and many workers have studied the active material isolated from them. Meyer, Smyth and Palmer obtained from hog stomach a polysaccharide which was highly active serologically and contained W-acetyl-D-glucos-amine and D-galactose residues. Landsteiner and his coworkers obtained similar substances from hog stomach and pig pepsin. The following method used for isolating the substance from pepsin is typical. 

K12. Kekwick, B. A., Physico-chemical examination of blood group A substance. Biochem. J. 46, 438-439 (1950),... 

Figure 4.18 Variation in the Structure of Blood Group A Substances. These differ in affinity for anti-A antibody, not in specificity, i.e. antigenic and structural identity are not synonymous.

Peptone was used as a source of blood group A material by Goebel, who showed that the active substance it contained was principally carbohydrate and contained D-galactose and D-glucosamine. 

Although no complete investigations of the structure of the blood group substances have yet been reported, it is evident from the information available that all the material so far studied is predominantly carbohydrate in nature, and, as can be seen from Table III, preparations from widely different sources have many properties in common, for example, elementary analysis, specific rotation and the like. It is of interest to note that almost all the substances obtained from nonhuman sources display blood group A or blood group O activity, while human material is the most convenient source of the blood group B substance. The majority of the work carried out so far has dealt with blood group A substances. 

Most of the work referred to concerns blood group A substances. 

With individuals of blood group 0, injection of A and B substances gave a big increase in the amounts of precipitins. For example, the specific antibodies to the blood group A substance could be obtained from the specific precipitate by the use of 15% sodium chloride for dissociating... 

Westphal, Reiche and Krah have coupled a blood group A substance with egg albumin using the method of Avery and Goebel. ... 

Studies on Blood Groups XXXIV. Structures of Some Oligosaccharides Produced by Alkaline Degradation of Blood Group A, B, and H Substances, Biochemistry (1966) 5,1489. 

XLI. Proposed Structures for the Carbohydrate Portions of Blood Group A, B, H, Lewis , and Lewisb Substances, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (1968) 61,1470. 

K. O. Lloyd, E. A. Kabat, E. J. Layug, and F. Gruezo, Immunochemical studies on blood groups. XXXIV. Structures of some oligosaccharides produced by alkaline degradation of blood group A, B, and H substances, Biochem. J., 5 (1966) 1489-1501. 

The Presence of at Least Two Different H-Blood Group-Related /fDGal-a-2-L-Fucosyltransferases in Human Serum and the Genetics of Blood Group H Substances, J. LePendu, J. P. Cartron, R. U. Lemieux, and R. Oriol, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 37 (1985) 749-760. 

Extensive information on the carbohydrate-binding specificity of the Helix pomatia lectin was obtained by examining the extent to which a large number of sugars inhibited the precipitation reaction between agglutinin and human blood-group A substance or Salmonella typhinurium SH 180 lipopolysaccharide83,178,581,582 (see Table XI). 

Inhibition of Helix pomatia Hemagglutinin-Blood-group A Substance Precipitation by Various Saccharides582... 

Carbohydrate-specificity studies involving hemagglutination in-hibition61 100,587 and sugar displacement from Sephadex,587 and an immunosorbent of human blood-group A substance,587 gave essentially the same results. 

Inhibition of the precipitation reaction between lima-bean lectin component III and human blood-group A substance.587,591... 

Kla. Kabat, E., Bendich, A., and Bezer, A. E., Immunochemical studies on blood groups. II. Properties of the blood group A substance from pools of hog stomach of specific precipitates composed of A substance and homologous human antihody. J. Exptl. Med. 83, 447 (1946). 

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