Odor imprinting

Table 1. Aquatic Turtle Behavior as It Relates to Odor Imprinting. ... 

Aufdnick, m. printing print imprint, stamp, tnfdnicken, v.t. imprint, print (as colors), tu drticken, v.t. impress, imprint, stamp. Anfduften, v.i. give off an odor or fragrance, ftutdunaten, v.i. evaporate. 

In an experiment, hatchery-reared Coho salmon have been imprinted to the artificial odors of morpholine, a heterocyclic amine (C4H9NO 5 x 10 mg/l) ... 

Since time immemorial, animal breeders have had to cross-foster motherless lambs or calves, or had to attach newborn mammals to a mother of a different species. They have been aware of odor barriers and developed methods to overcome them. A ewe will accept a non-related lamb if it has been rubbed with the hide or amniotic fluid of her own, perhaps stillborn, lamb. A classical case of successful cross-fostering between species is a technique employed by Peruvian livestock breeders to produce hybrids between alpacas and vicunas. The cross is called paco-vicuM and combines the large quantity of wool of the alpaca with the fine quality of vicufia hair. To breed an alpaca female with a vicufia male, first a male has to be imprinted on alpacas. A newborn male vicuna is covered with the hide of a newborn alpaca and presented to a lactating female alpaca without young. The young vicuna is accepted and nursed on account of his alpaca odor. Successfully raised by his alpaca mother, he will imprint on, and breed with, alpacas when adult. 

Rabbit pups learnt an odor of their mother in one trial. This odor emanates from the belly of the dam and releases suckling. This rapid learning is considered a form of olfactory imprinting tied to an early sensitive period (Hudson and Altbacker, 1994). 

Even adults can still develop olfactory preferences that contravene those acquired before sexual maturity. Female laboratory mice imprinted by the odor of one mouse strain will prefer this odor even more if they are exposed to males of this strain as adults. However, if they are exposed to males of a different strain when sexually mature, their original odor preference will be reversed (Albonetti and D Udine, 1986). Naturally occurring sex or body odors may assume their sexual significance after association with sexual activity male mice were aroused by a perfume that they had experienced earlier on scented females they had interacted with (Nyby etal., 1978). Practitioners have known that adult mammals can acquire responses after exposure to certain animals. For instance, bulls of the Asian elephant that had been housed near African elephant bulls respond to temporal gland secretion and its three components phenol, 4-methylphenol, and (E)-farnesol from the latter species. Asian bulls thathad not been associated with African bulls did not respond (Rasmussen, 1988). 

Given how sensitive many birds are to odors, breeders of endangered bird species may be able to use food and environmental odors to imprint young birds on relevant cues of their future habitat (Nevitt, in Malakoff, 1999). 

Most and Bruckner (1936) found human tracks to be complex. A track contains a human species odor and an individual odor, both extruded through boots, but also the odors of crushed plants, disturbed soil, and leather or other shoe material. Dogs still tracked correctly after removal of one or several of these components. To separate the track components, the authors built a chair lift and a track wheel (Fig. 13.5). The rim of the metal wheel (approximately 2m in diameter) carried raised replicas of shoes at stride intervals. Pulled over the terrain, the wheel makes a track of crushed plants and disturbed soil without human scent. The lift consists of a chair suspended on a steel cable about 1.5 m above the ground. Although a person riding this chair leaves no foot imprints or disturbed soil, he/she still sheds odorous rafts of skin cells. A trained dog uses one or the other of these track components, as terrain and surface change. 

Dittman, A., Quinn, T., and Nevitt, G., Timing of imprinting to natural and artificial odors by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 53, 434, 1996. 

The canine community often observes, with disdain, that there is no such thing as waste at an explosive manufacturing plant whatever is left over from one batch almost always ends up in the next. This introduces impurities and heterogeneity into the explosives, something which is welcomed by the trace analyst in the forensic laboratory but despised by experienced trainers wishing to imprint the optimum range of explosive odors on the dogs. 

Assuring the reliability of the detection team requires a regular training regime and documentation of consistent imprinting with odorants as well as a regular completion of a certification program. 

IS THERE A TIME DURING NEONATAL DEVELOPMENT FOR MAXIMAL IMPRINTING OF ODOR ... 

Is There a Time during Neonatal Development for Maximal Imprinting of Odor ... 

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