OCT* process

Above we have mentioned several heterogeneous applications such as the OCT process and SHOP. Neohexene (3,3-dimethyl-1-butene), an important intermediate in the synthesis of fine chemicals, is produced from the dimer of isobutene, which consists of a mixture of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene and 2,4,4-trimethyl- 1-pentene. Cross-metathesis of the former with ethene yields the desired product. The catalyst is a mixture of W03/Si02 for metathesis and MgO for isomerisation at 370 °C and 30 bar. The isobutene is recycled to the isobutene dimerisation unit [48],... 

As mentioned above, the first metathesis reaction studied was the equilibrium between propylene and an ethylene 2-butene mixture. In the initial Phillips process this was used to convert excess propylene into ethylene and 2-butene (Scheme 5.55). When propylene demands surged, the process was reversed and is now known as olefins conversion technology (OCT). The OCT process is operated with a fixed-bed reactor, W03 on silica serves as a catalyst. In order to allow... 

Application To produce propylene from ethylene and butenes using Lummus olefin conversion technology (OCT). Other OCT process configurations involve interconversion of light olefins and production of C2— C5 mono-olefins. 

Description Ethylene feedstream (plus recycle ethylene) and butenes feedstream (plus recycle butenes) are introduced into the fixed-bed, metathesis reactor. The catalyst promotes reaction of ethylene and 2-butene to form propylene and simultaneously isomerizes 1-butene to 2-butene. Effluent from the metathesis reactor is fractionated to yield high-purity, polymerization-grade propylene, as well as ethylene and butenes for recycle and small byproduct streams. Due to the unique nature of the catalyst system, the mixed C4 feed stream can contain a significant amount of isobutylene without impacting performance of the OCT process. A variation of OCT—Automet Technology—can be used to generate ethylene, propylene and the comonomer—hexene-1—by metathesis of n-butenes. 

Yields OCT process selectivityto propylene is typically greaterthan 98%. Overall conversion of n-butenes is 85-92%. Ethylene and butenes feed-streams can come from steam crackers or many refinery sources and in varying concentrations. Alternatively, butenes can come from ethylene dimerization, which is also licensed by Lummus. 

Hydrocarbon Processing, Petrochemical Processes 2005 ABB Lummus Global OCT process and Axens CCR-Met-4 process. 

Description Two chemical reactions take place in the OCT process propylene is formed by the metathesis of ethylene and butene-2 and butene-1 is isomerized to butene-2 as butene-2 is consumed in the metathesis reaction. 

Commercial plants The OCT process has been licensed in 25 plants, 16 of which are currently operating and producing almost 3 million metric tpy of propylene. By 2013, total worldwide propylene capacity via OCT is expected to reach almost 6 million metric tpy. 

W03/Si02 has a high potential for practical applications in metathesis. The high-operation temperatures make it less susceptible to trace quantities of catalyst poisons such as air and water and to coke formation. Recently, this catalyst has extensively been studied in relation to its industrial use for the metathesis of long-chain olefins, such as oct-l-ene and industrial hept-l-ene [70], The optimum reaction temperature of an 8 wt% W03/Si02 catalyst was found to be 733 K, The optimum temperature for regeneration in a flow of air is 823 K, A W03/Si02 catalyst is presently used in the OCT process and also in Phillips s neohexene process [2],... 

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When the mean annual temperature is 16.7°C (30°F) lower than the design dry-bulb temperature and when both fans in a bay have automatically controllable pitch of fan blades, annual power required has been found to be 22, 36, and 54 percent respectively of that needed at the design condition for three process services [Frank L. Rubin, Tower Requirements Are Lower for Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers with AV Fans, Oil Gas J., 165-167 (Oct. 11, 1982)]. Alternatively, when fans have two-speed motors, these dehver one-half of the design flow of air at half speed and use only one-eighth of the power of the full-speed condition. 

The holdup of material in a continuous mill determines the mean residence time, and thus the extent of grinding. Gupta et al. [International J. Mineral Processing, 8, 345-358 (Oct. 1981)] analyzed published e)merimental data on a 40 X 40-cm grate discharge laboratoiy mill, ana determined that holdup was represented by = (4.020 — 0.176 WT)F , (0.040 0.01237 WT)S, - (4.970 0.395 Wl), where... 

Leonard W., 30 years. space vectors, 20 years field orientation and 10 years digital signal processing with controlled a.c, drives , EPEJourniil. 1 No. 1, July (1991) and 1, No. 2, Oct. (1991). 

Reproduced with permission from Hydrocarbon Processing, Oct. 1992, copyright Guif Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, all rights reserved. 

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The principle of microscopic reversibility requires that the reverse process, ring closure of a butadiene to a cyclobutene, must also be a coiuotatory process. Usually, this is thermodynamically unfavorable, but a case in which the ring closure is energetically favorable is conversion of tra s,cis-2,4-cyclooctadiene (1) to bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene (2). The ring closure is favorable in this case because of the strain associated with the trans double bond. The ring closure occurs by a coiuotatory process. 

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