Ocelot

Fig. 11. Ocelot plant flow diagram. MEA, monoethano1 amine BFW, boiler feed water.

Alkali-promoted Ru-based catalysts are expected to become the second generation NHs synthesis catalysts [1]. In 1992 the 600 ton/day Ocelot Ammonia Plant started to produce NH3 with promoted Ru catalysts supported on carbon based on the Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process (KAAP) [2]. The Ru-based catalysts permit milder operating conditions compared with the magnetite-based systems, such as low synthesis pressure (70 -105 bars compared with 150 - 300 bars) and lower synthesis temperatures, while maintaining higher conversion than a conventional system [3]. 

KAAP [Kellogg advanced ammonia process] The first high-pressure process developed for synthesizing ammonia from its elements which does not use an iron-containing catalyst. The reformer gas for this process is provided by the KRES process. The catalyst was developed by BP it contains ruthenium supported on carbon. Developed by MW Kellogg Company in 1990 and first installed by the Ocelot Ammonia Company (now Pacific Ammonia) at Kitimat, British Columbia, from 1991 to 1992. Another plant was installed at Ampro Fertilizers in Donaldsonville, LA, in 1996. 

Big cats (leopard, tiger, lion, cheetah, ocelot, panther, lynx) Carnivora Felidae ... 

B The Belize Zoo maintains 125 animals native to Belize and was originally set up to adopt animals used in filmmaking. See tapir and large cats like spotted jaguar and ocelot. 

Frame-based systems are most like object-oriented systems and provide a high degree of structure. They are centered on the idea of a frame, or a class, where each frame represents a set of instances of that frame or class. Each frame has associated slots that represent attributes of the frame. Slots are filled by specific values or by other frames. Slots may be of various kinds. So, for example, frames may have an associated is-a slot, mentioned earlier, which is used to create a taxonomy within the frame system. The part-of slot, another highly important slot or relationship, may also be represented in a frame-based system. The frame-based representation system is the most widely used of the KR formalisms and has been used extensively within the life sciences community, for example, in EcoCyc, using SRI s Ocelot frame system. 

Ocelot [Canada) 545 MeOH purge CO2 removal, N2 wash, modem syn loop 1986... 

The KAAP reactor at Ocelot is a full flow converter installed in such a manner that it operates in series with the existing magnetite converter. The reactor is a two-bed radial flow, hot wall design with external insulation. An interchanger is provided to exchange the heat between the feed and effluent of the first bed. The feed to the KAAP reactor contains 15% ammonia. The ammonia concentration is increased to more than 21% at the exit of the KAAP reactor. The addition of a KAAP reactor and a new waste heat boiler to produce MP steam by KAAP reactor effluent has the potential of increasing the capacity of the synloop by 40%. 

Czuppon, T. A., et. al. 1993. The Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process First Commerlcal Application at Ocelot Ammonia Company, Ammonia Safety Symposium. 

The Mittash catalyst is unsupported because iron is cheap and the alumina promoter warrants a high specific surface area. This situation is different with Ru catalysts, which are usually prepared on either oxide or carbon supports. Loading of zeolites with small Ru particles offers an interesting alternative but with lower activity, however (44,45). Pioneering work was performed by Ozaki and co-workers (46), who presented an alkali-promoted Ru catalyst on a carbon support with an activity superior to that of the conventional Fe catalyst operated at identical conditions. Further development of this type of catalyst (47) led to a material that has recently been installed in an industrial plant (Ocelot, Canada). Apart from lower capital costs, this plant also operates with reduced energy consumption, and replacement of the iron catalysts by Ru-based ones remains an interesting option for the future. 

Another key feature of this new process is the patented KBR Reforming Exchanger System (KRES), which eliminates the need for the directly fired primary reformer furnace (fig. 6.11). This reduces capital costs by 5-8%, and emissions of NO and CO2 by 70-75%. The first KAAP process was installed for the Ocelot Ammonia Company s (now Pacific Ammonia Inc.) retrofit of its plant in Kitimat, British Columbia, in 1992 and when the first two new KAAP plants (for Farmland Misschem and PCS Nitrogen) were completed at Point Lisas, Trinidad, in July 1998, they became the world s largest ammonia facilities (each at 1,850 t/day) to date. ... 

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