Oceanography

Many studies have come to light. I will confine myself to three examples the first has already been partially discussed. 

We have already seen that the presence of chemical pollutants causes a characteristic drop in infrared radiance temperatures, and a steep increase in the microwaves. 

Turbidity also alters emissivity (thermal values) and reflectance both reflectance and radiance temperatures are higher. These principles, as we already know, have helped us to map muddy water patches caused by Nile sediment in the eastern Mediterranean (Pouquet, 1970, Mexico). 

It is possible to evaluate the chlorophyll concentration of seawater (Clark et al., 1970). These authors used a spectrometer which, above the Atlantic near George s Bank, showed peaks at 500 mp. and 800 mp. A cross-check in the sea at the same point showed an excellent relationship between the relative difference in intensity at 500 mp and 800 mp and the chlorophyll concentration. These studies were conducted from an aircraft the only type of satellite capable of such measurements is the ERTS, which carries a spectrometer operating in these spectral bands. 

Ocean currents are most easily detected from a satellite and literature on the subject is already abundant. Knowledge of these currents is of obvious economic interest and this is one of the reasons why numerous satellite information analyses have been performed on the various Atlantic and Pacific currents. I will cite only the example of the Gulf Stream. 

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This article is intended to provide a useful first understanding of flow phenomena and techniques and to provide an entry to more precise and detailed methods where these are required. Although the main concern is the proper design and operation of plant equipment, the importance of preservation of the environment is recognized. Thus data from the fields of meteorology and oceanography are occasionally needed by the technologist (see also Flowl asurel nt Fluidization). 

J. L. Bischoff and D. Z. Piper, eds.. Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Pacific Manganese Module Province, Plenum Press, New York, 1979. 

H. L. Windom, "Lithogenous Matedal in Marine Sediments," Chemical Oceanography, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1976. 

D. R, Corbett, Department of Oceanography, Elorida State University, Tallahassee, EL 32306, USA... 

W.L. Miller, Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4JI, Canada... 

F LaQue, BSc, LED, Past President, Nat. Assoc. Corrosion Eng., Am. Soc. Test and Mat., Electrochemical Society Senior Lecturer, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California... 

Data after Subow, N. N., Oceonographical Tables, p. 208, Moscow (1931). Thompson, T. G., The Physical Properties of Sea Water , Bull. 85, Physics of the Earth. V. Oceanography, p. 63, National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington (1932). 

Fig. 21.3 Vertical sections showing distribution of temperature, salinity, and oxygen in the Pacific Ocean, approximately along the meridian of I70°W. (After Sverdrup, H. U., Oceanography for Meteorologists, Allen and Unwin (1945))...

Riley, J.R. Skirrow, G. "Chemical Oceanography" Academic Press London, 1965. 

Physical and Chemical Skriences Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, Novia Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2... 

Broecker, W. S. Chemical Oceanography Harcourt Brace Jovanovich New York, NY, 1974 214 pp. 

Bedford Institute of Oceanography, 224 Brown University, 392 Canada Center for Inland Waters, 207 Cornell University, 309 Engineering Information Services, 324 Environment Canada, 36 Florida State University, 460 Goddard Space Flight Center, 392 ManTech Environmental Technology Inc., 134... 

The principal obstacles facing us as scientists studying Earth system science are the finite resources of most educational institutions. Development of this subject requires that we think of novel ways to do interdisciplinary work in a setting dominated by traditional disciplines. Although we can draw heavily on work being done in recently formed disciplines such as chemical oceanography, stable isotope geo-... 

So far we have not gone in-depth into the nature of the transport processes responsible for fluxes of material between and within reservoirs. This section includes a very brief discussion of some of the processes that are important in the context of global biogeochemical cycles. More comprehensive treatments can be found in textbooks on geology, oceanography and meteorology and in reviews such as Lerman (1979) and Liss and Slinn (1983). 

Holland, H. D. (1974). Marine evaporites and the composition of sea water during the Phanerozoic. In "Studies in Paleo-oceanography (W. W. Hay, ed.), pp. 187-192. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Special Publication 20. 

Stallard, R. F. (1980). Major element geochemistry of the Amazon River system. Ph.D. Dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Joint Program in Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA WHOI-80-29. 

After L. V. Worthington (1981). The water masses of the world ocean some results of a fine-scale census. In "Evolution of Physical Oceanography" (B. A. Warren and C. Wunsch, eds), pp. 42-69. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. 

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