Observe factor

The dilated van Laar model is readily generalized to the multicomponent case, as discussed in detail elsewhere (C3, C4). The important technical advantage of the generalization is that it permits good estimates to be made of multicomponent phase behavior using only experimental data obtained for binary systems. For example, Fig. 14 presents a comparison of calculated and observed -factors for the methane-propane-n-pentane system at conditions close to the critical.7... 

Distribution mains shall be patrolled in areas where necessary to observe factors that may affect safe operation. The patrolling shall be considered in areas of construction activity, physical deterioration of exposed piping and supports, or any natural causes that could result in damage to the pipe. The frequency of the patrolling shall be determined by the severity of the conditions that could cause failure or leakage and the subsequent hazards to public safety. 

Besides the two olfactometers used by IMAG, a third olfactometer owned by the organisation of applied physical research in the Netherlands (TNO) participated in the experiments. The flowrate of this olfactometer amounts to 20 1/min. Flowrate experiments carried out by TNO show a distinct difference of inhaled concentration. This affirms the results obtained by Dravnieks (1). Using the TNO results a difference of 2.4 may be expected between the results of an olfactometer with a flowrate of 5 1/min and one with a flowrate of 20 1/min. These values represent the lowest and highest flowrates of olfactometers used in the comparative odour research. The observed factor based upon the pooled data was 2.41. 

As Beer s law in absorption spectroscopy has a path length dependence, the observe volume, Vobs, or active volume of an NMR probe is an important determinant of the sensitivity of NMR measurements. The observe volume is the fraction of the total sample volume, Vtot. that returns a signal when a sample is inserted in an NMR tube or is injected into a flow system. The relationship between chromatographic peak shape, peak volume and flow rate, and sensitivity in hyphenated NMR measurements is complex and is discussed in greater detail in Section 7.2. For the purpose of this discussion, the sample is assumed to be present at a uniform concentration in a sample volume, Vtot. The probe observe factor, /o, is calculated as shown in the following equation ... 

In order to maximize sample handling efficiency, microcoil experiments can be performed on samples of limited volume with a setup similar to that shown in Figure 7.3.1.8. The liquid susceptibility-matching approach [7] described earlier allows observe factors of up to 70 % without broadening the linewidth. One recent example uses perfluorinated liquid plugs to restrict the total sample... 

By varying ReA, Res and H/D, we obtained the values of Sherwood s-criterion as shown in the table. By applying analysis of variance, verify the given criterion equation by establishing the effects of the observed factors on the basis of experimental values. 

When researching the process of zirconium extraction by tributyl-phosphate from nitric acid solution, two factors, Xi and X2 have been analyzed. The observed factors and response are shown by these relations ... 

In this case, the authors succeeded in measuring separately the reaction characteristics both for the naked OH ion and for the ion solvated by one to three water molecules. As the number of water molecules increases, the shape of the curves approaches that for the reaction in aqueous solution. The observed rate constants are given in Table 1.4. The rate constant for the gas-phase ion-molecule reaction is 1016 times greater than the rate observed in solution. This experimentally observed factor goes up to 1020 in the case of other reactions. 

To compute the reduction in effective sorption capacity that accompanies such blockages, Monte Carlo simulations were applied to lattice models [81,82]. For the l-dimensional channel case, the problem can also be evaluated analytically [81]. There is a precipitous decline in capacity even for relatively low faulting levels in the case of longer crystallites. For example, sorption experiments on polycrystalline gmelinites comprised of crystallites some 0.5 pm in length along the c-direction that have an observed factor of some 10 reduction in n-allmne capacity over that expected for the unblocked structure are indicative of a Suiting probability of only some 0.04. 

Kinetics of five such reactions have been reported and the data are given in Table 17. With the single exception of /-butyl vinyl ether, all the observed -factors are... 

Berkowitz and Wahl9 have reviewed the experimental and theoretical estimates of the dissociation energy of molecular fluorine. The Raman and far-i.r. spectra of crystalline F2 show that in this state the element resembles 02 more closely than it does the other halogens.10 The intermolecular forces, in particular, are extremely weak, as exemplified by the small shifts of the internal frequencies from their gas-phase values, the absence of observable factor-group splitting of the fundamental and overtones, and the low value of the external (lattice) vibrations. 

The analysis utilized the approach of normal probability plots, as no reliable historical estimate of variation was available. For each primary response the observed factor effects were plotted on normal probability paper in rank order (Fig. 2). Here, factor effects are estimated as the difference of the average response at the high level (-I-) from the average response of the low level (-). On these plots, values that deviate markedly from the general trend line indicate significant effects. The largest factor effects (in absolute value) are labeled. 

The isotopic ratios multiplying the mass ratio factor, -4.8, are each less than, but probably close to unity. Thus the observed factor of 3.7 1.9 for the change of the isotope effect with pressure does not appear at all unreasonable. This theory predicts that the low-pressure isotope effect should change from unity with temperature. 

The values of the rate constants for thymine solutions of different pHs illustrate the effect of ionization on the rate of appearance of the transient absorption at 400 n.m. Ionization of thymine, pH 11, would not be expected to decrease the rate by the observed factor of nearly two. The earlier spectral and decay studies have shown that more than one transient may be formed at this pH, and possibly the apparent decrease in rate is caused by formation of some other species which is not observed at 400 n.m. A decrease in rate is expected at pH 12.4 because the attacking species is O". There also may be effects caused by formation of unobserved transients. 

In order to assign the origin (somce) and interpret the observed factor data, the rotation proposed by Leinen and Pisias [304] and linear programming techniques yielded two end member (EM I and EM 11) compositions, as follows ... 

The technical health of an item is an assessment or judgement of the state of the item at a specified time t based on measured or observed factors related to the technical condition of the item x(t), the operational history " /(/) of the system up to time t, and the design quality of the system. The technical health is denoted , and is a qualitative expression. 

The technical health as assessed at time t depends on the three measured or observed factors ... 

If the environment of the channel mouth is disturbed (as in glycerol buffer) the supply of protons to the channel readily may become rate limiting. The H /D -isotope effect suggest rate limitation by the transit of a proton from one site to another one. The observed factor of 1.7, however, is small compared to published figures for such reactions between small add-base molecules in solution. This may indicate a secondary isotope effect. 

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