Nylon fibers, applications

Nylons have a variety of uses ranging from tire cord to carpet to hosiery. The most important application is cord followed by apparel. Nylon staple and filaments are extensively used in the carpet industry. Nylon fiber is also used for a variety of other articles such as seat belts, monofilament finishes, and knitwear. Because of its high tenacity and elasticity, it is a valuable fiber for ropes, parachutes, and underwear. 

PBT is easily made into fiber and monofilament and has been used in some fiber applications. For example, PBT fibers are used commercially as toothbrush bristles. Compared to PET, PBT fiber is more resistant to permanent deformation. Compared to nylon, PBT shows almost no change when exposed to moisture. PBT shows much more resistance to staining than nylon and can be colored by the use of pigments. However, PBT is more difficult to color by solution dying than nylon. PBT is not typically used in textile applications due to its perceived high price. 

Nearly all cyclohexane is used to make three intermediate chemicals. About 85% goes for caprolactam, and adipic acid. Another 10% goes for hexamethylene diamine (HMD). All three are the starting materials for Nylon 6 or Nylon 66 synthetic fibers and resins. Nylon fiber markets include the familiar applications hosiery, upholstery, carpet, and tire cord. Nylon resins are engineering plastics and are largely used to manufacture gears, washers, and similar applications where economy, strength, and a surface with minimum friction are important. 

One of the larger uses of nylon fibers is tire cord. In apparel applications, which are another major area, permanent press can be achieved by heat treatment. This crease resistance lasts until abrasion, hear, or pressure wears down the molecule orientation. Since it is strong and lightweight, nylon also is used for rope, parachutes, and some undergarments. 

PTT is used in apparel, upholstery, specialty resins, and other applications in which properties such as softness, comfort stretch and recovery, dyeability, and easy care are desired. The properties of PTT surpass nylon and PET in fiber applications, and polybutylene terephthalate and PET in resin applications such as sealable closures, connectors, extrusion coatings, and blister packs (14). 

Caprolactam. Essentially all caprolactam is used in the manufacture of nylon 6 fibers. In 1998, global demand reached nearly 7.3 billion lb with 1.7 billion lb used in North America. This is a fast-growing nylon with applications in carpets, textiles, and tires. Caprolactam can be produced from cyclohexane, phenol, and toluene via cyclohexanone. It is then reacted with hydroxylamine to give an oxime. The oxime undergoes an acid-catalyzed rearrangement to give caprolactam. 

As was the case with the nylon fibers, the potential polyester fibers offered in apparel, home furnishing, and industrial applications was judged to be enormous. For this potential to be realized in practice, however, some characteristics had to be improved, and others had to be engineered for specific end uses. Thus, fibers of different cross-sectional shapes were developed in order to impart anti-soiling, reflective, and resilient characteristics for rug and carpet applications. A difficulty associated with the early polyester fiber that restricted its applications was its... 

Disperse dyes were originally developed for incorporation into certain cellulose acetate fibers. Applications of disperse dyes include the coloring of nylons, polyesters, and acrylics. Since many of these dyes were also designed to be mixed— dispersed —with a dispersant, care must be exercised in avoiding dispersed versions of these dyes, since the dispersants used are not meant to be incorporated in plastics and seriously diminish the brightness and transparency of the dye. Disperse dyes in their pure form are often also classified as solvent dyes, carrying both Colour Index names. Many disperse dyes developed for polyesters are finding use in other polymers. 

Polyamides. In 1988, 77% of U S. demand for adipic acid was for nylon-6,6 fiber, while 11% was used in nyon-6,6 resins (195). In Western Europe only about 66% was for polyamide, because of the stronger competition from nylon-6. The fiber applications include carpets (67%), apparel (13%), tire cord (7%), and miscellaneous (13%). Nylon-6,6 resins were distributed between injection molding (85%) for such applications as automotive and electrical parts and for extrusion resins (15%) for strapping, film, and wire and cable. 

Nylon 6,6 (or simply nylon 66) is the largest volume nylon used as fiber, film, and plastic. About 1,134 million kilograms (2,500 million pounds) of nylon 66 were produced for fiber applications in 2000. Nylon 66 is used to make tire cord, rope, clothing, thread, hose, undergarments, rug filament,... 

EINECS 246-614-4 Isooctyl phosphite ((C8H170)3P) Phosphorous acid, triisooctyl ester Triisooctyl phosphite Weston TIOP. Intermediate insecticides lubricant additive specialty solvents stabilizer for acrylics, nylon, unsaturated polyester, PVC improves antiwear and antifriction properties. Stabilizer tor hot-melt adhesives. PU, polyesters used in molding, extrusion, and film applications in PP, HOPE, LDPE, PVC, and polyesters also useful for PP fiber applications and calendering of PVC. Oil d = 0.891. Albright i Wilson Americas Inc. GE Specialities Stave. 

Commercial production of nylon-6,6 and its conversion into fibers was started by the Du Pont Company in 1939. In a parallel development in Germany, Schlack developed polyamides by ring-opening polymerization of cyclic lactams, and nylon-6 derived from caprolactam was introduced in 1939. Today nylon-6,6 and nylon-6 account for nearly all of the polyamides produced for fiber applications. 

Among various nylon compositions, nylon-6 and nylon-6,6 are by far the most important polyamides for the commercial production of fibers and resins. This chapter will focus largely on the fiber-related aspects of these two nylons. Other nylons marketed for minor fiber applications will be discussed appropriately. A wealth of information on nylon technology exists in the literature [4-8]. 

Polyolefins are increasingly becoming an integral part of the textile and nonwoven industries. Even though they have not historically enjoyed the same fame achieved by polyester and nylon in synthetic fiber applications, polyolefins offer... 

The most important application of nylons is in production of synthetic fibers. Nylon fibers are largely produced in the form of continuous filament yam and staple fiber. Since fibers should simultaneously possess crystallization and... 

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