Nucleic acids RNA

These sorbents may be used either for selective fixation of biological molecules, which must be isolated and purified, or for selective retention of contaminants. Selective fixation of biopolymers may be easily attained by regulation of eluent polarity on the basis of reversed-phase chromatography methods. Effective isolation of different nucleic acids (RNA, DNA-plasmid) was carried out [115, 116]. Adsorption of nucleosides, nucleotides, tRN A and DNA was investigated. It was shown that nucleosides and nucleotides were reversibly adsorbed on... 

Purine is the parent heterocyclic compound of the methylxanthines, which are often referred to as the purine alkaloids.1-7 Purine is also the parent compound of some of the base constituents of the nucleotides, which in turn are part of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. Thus, it appears that the purine alkaloids have similar precursors to nucleic acids. 

Frequent freezing and thawing can cause strand breaks in nucleic acids (RNAs) and should therefore be avoided by dividing the sample into smaller aliquots. 

Cell components or metabolites capable of recognizing individual and specific molecules can be used as the sensory elements in molecular sensors [11]. The sensors may be enzymes, sequences of nucleic acids (RNA or DNA), antibodies, polysaccharides, or other reporter molecules. Antibodies, specific for a microorganism used in the biotreatment, can be coupled to fluorochromes to increase sensitivity of detection. Such antibodies are useful in monitoring the fate of bacteria released into the environment for the treatment of a polluted site. Fluorescent or enzyme-linked immunoassays have been derived and can be used for a variety of contaminants, including pesticides and chlorinated polycyclic hydrocarbons. Enzymes specific for pollutants and attached to matrices detecting interactions between enzyme and pollutant are used in online biosensors of water and gas biotreatment [20,21]. 

Up to 50% of the uracil residues in RNA can be replaced by 5-fluorouracil in various viruses and other biologically active nucleic acids. RNA containing fluorouracil is more sensitive to ultraviolet light than is normal RNA. The photochemical behavior of fluorouracil is therefore important, and has been studied by Shugar et al.67a and by Gordon. 7b... 

The nucleic acids, rna (ribonucleic acid) and dna (deoxyribonucleic acid), are carbohydrate biopolymers. The repeating sugar in rna is ribose, and in dna it is 2-deoxyribose. 

There are two types of nucleic acid RNA and DNA The nucleotides in RNA contain ribose, and the common pyrimidine bases are uracil and cytosine. In DNA, the nucleotides contain 2 -deoxyribose, and the common pyrimidine bases are thymine and cytosine. The primary purines are adenine and guanine in both RNA and DNA... 

The translating of a sequence of DNA nucleotides into a sequence of amino acids—in other words, into the manufacture of a protein—involves many intricate cellular mechanisms that are still the subject of much research. The overall process, however, is conceptually straightforward, involving two steps— transcription followed by translation. These steps are mediated by the other major nucleic acid, RNA, of which there are three forms—messenger RNA (rnRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). 

Tetrahydrofuran is by far the most important of the reduced furans. The compound itself is a major solvent, whilst the nucleus occurs in the ribose and deoxyribose sugar units (as well as in sucrose) and is therefore an integral part of the nucleic acids, RNA and DNA. 

Polymetaphosphate 3 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes 26 Polynucleotide(s) 199s, 226-228. See also Nucleic acids, RNA, DNA hybridization 255 hydrazine reactions 254 interactions with ions 218 melting of 255 probes 255... 

FADH2 (Section 15-6C). Polynucleotides are polymers of nucleosides linked through phosphate ester bonds. Polynucleotides also are called nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) and are the genetic material of cells, as will be discussed in Chapter 25. 

The D-aldopentoses are five-carbon sugars. The most important of these are ri-bose and deoxyribose, because they are used to construct the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. Figure 12.10 gives the names and structures of the D-aldopentoses. 

Consider first the filamentation effect. Trials of many complexes established that mainly those complexes which were neutral and had no electrically charged ions in solution, markedly inhibited cell division in bacteria. The cts-configuration was active, the trans was not. They did not inhibit growth unless the concentrations were greatly increased. They were associated in the cell primarily with nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) and with some soluble proteins. 

Phosphate esters play a central role in biochemistry. Figure 11-3 shows how phosphate ester linkages compose the backbone of the nucleic acids RNA (ribonucleic acid) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These nucleic acids, which carry the genetic information in the cell, are discussed in Chapter 23. 

Keywords Avidin Biotin DNA Immobilization Nucleic acids RNA Streptavidin... 

As mentioned, many other molecules exist in the saliva, including nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), several hormones, growth factors and neurotransmitters, amino acids and their derivatives, urea, lactate, citrate, vitamins, creatinine, prostaglandins, several drugs, and chemical constituents of foods, cosmetics, tooth pastes, dental materials, and several other molecules originated from body and environment. 

The reaction requires single-stranded nucleic acid (RNA or DNA), an acid pH, and temperatures of 40° or higher. Other conditions, such as time of reaction, ionic strength, volume, concentration of iodine, TICI3, and nucleic acid, can be varied over a wide range to accommodate the specific purposes for which labeling is being done. 

The nitrogenous bases (purines and pyrimidines) which are components of the nucleic acids (RNA and DNA-used for information storage and processing)... 

Glycosides of Aloe, bacterial polysaccharides Free form in human heart muscle Constituent of the antibiotic Curamycin Constituent of nucleic acids (RNA)... 

Another carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 7,l2-dimethylben/.lajanthracene. also forms covalent adducts with nucleic acids (RNA)."" The ultimate carcinogenic reactive species apparently is the S.6-oxidc that results from epoxidation of the 5,6-double bond in this aromatic hydrocarbon. The arene oxide intermediate binds covalently to guanosinc residues of RNA to yield the two adducts. 

Northern blotting was not named for its inventor, but as a companion technique that uses RNA rather than DNA as the test nucleic acid. RNA is transferred from the gel after electrophoresis onto a solid support followed by hybridization with a specific labeled probe. Because RNA molecules have defined lengths and are much shorter than genomic DNA, it is not necessary to cleave RNA before electrophoresis. However, because of the secondary structure of RNA, it is necessary to perform electrophoresis under denaturing... 

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