Nucleic acids DNA RNA

Macromolecules may be classified according to different criteria. One criterion is whether the material is natural or synthetic in origin. Cellulose, lignin, starch, silk, wool, chitin, natural rubber, polypeptides (proteins), polyesters (polyhydroxybutyrate), and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) are examples of naturally occurring polymers while polyethylene, polystyrene, polyurethanes, or polyamides are representatives of their synthetic counterparts. When natural polymers are modified by chemical conversions (cellulose —> cellulose acetate, for example), the products are called modified natural polymers. 

The molecular weight or molar mass of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) is identical for each specific species, e.g., the molecular weights of all casein molecules from a specific source are identical. These polymers are members of a homologous series and are said to be monodisperse or molecularly homogeneous. 

Several methods of viral classification are in use. Classification based upon epidemiological criteria, such as enteric or respiratory viruses, is useful, but of more significance are schemes based upon the morphology of the virion (symmetry, envelope, etc.) and lype of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA, number of strands, polarity, etc.)... 

A large number of variants of gel electrophoresis are used in bioanalytical analysis to allow separation and characterization of biomolecules, in particular nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and proteins. The term gel refers to the matrix used to separate biomolecules, and in most cases is a cross-linked polymer. 

Electrophoresis on a macro scale has been applied to a variety of difficult analytical separation problems inorganic anions and cations, amino acids, catecholamines, drugs, vitamins, carbohydrates, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, nucleotides, polynucleotides, and numerous other species. A particular strength of electrophoi esis is its unique ability to separate charged macromolecules of interest to biochemists, biologists, and clinical chemists. For many years, electrophoresis has been the powerhouse method of separating proteins (enzymes, hormones, antibodies) and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), for which it offers unparalleled resolution. ... 

Nucleic acid DNA, RNA Animal and plant Identity of materials... 

Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) have strong UV absorbances around 260-270 nm arising from n n transitions in the aromatic purine (A, G) and pyrimidine (U, C, T) rings of the nucleotide bases. The sugar phosphate backbone groups absorb only in the far-UV. 

The majority of naturally occurring compounds are nonluminescent, including nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), mono- and polysaccharides, hpids, and most of the small biomolecules. Proteins contain in their structure three amino acids—phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan— that fluoresce in the UV range. Due to its long-wave emission and relatively low abundance, tryptophan is commonly used as an intrinsic luminescent probe to study proteins. Tryptophan also exhibits phosphorescence at room temperature. 

Biological recognition element Classified into five different major categories. These categories include antibody/antigen, enzymes, nucleic acids/DNA/ RNA, cellular structures/cells, and biomimetic. The enzymes, antibodies, and... 

Its wavelength range is 190-1100 nm with the ability to scan from 200 to 950 nm in 3.5 s. The instrument needs no warm-up time and with sealed optics and no moving parts, the need for recalibration is eliminated. Up to 81 methods can be stored in the system, and methods for nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), protein quantification, cell density, and others are predefined and come with the system. The instrument can use cuvettes but also permits cuvetteless measurement of sample volumes as small as 0.3 pL. This is accomplished by Sample Compression Technology (www.implen.com/nanopho-tometer/how-it-works.php). A sample as small as 0.3 pL is pipetted directly onto the spectrometer window, and a cap is placed over the drop. The cap squeezes the sample to an exactly defined path length that is independent of surface tension and prevents evaporation, shown in Figure 5.31. 

Biologically important/active compounds, including some macromolecules and biological polymers (survey of typical groups) selected amino acids purines (mainly uric acid) and pyrimidines glucose, some disaccharides and polysaccharides vitamins (B6, ascorbic acid, toco-pherols), enzymes and coenzymes (NAD , NADH) neurotransmitters (dopamine and catechols) and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). 

The number of the branch PMMA chain per one molecule of of dextran was 0.05-0.3 for M 6,000 of the dextran (d1), 0.35 0.55 for P 61,000 (d2), and 0.8-1.6 for M 196,000 (D3), respectively. If some information are given from matrix molecule (backbone polymer) to the resultant pol3nner (the branch polymer), it may be very important to solve the template reaction of nucleic acid (DNA, RNA) in biosynthesis. These graft pol3nnerization of vinyl compounds onto water-soluble polysaccharides must be consequence from this point as same as matrix polymerization by Kargin et al.. As seen in Fig. 10, with the sample of D1 and D2, the plot of In(lOO-i) ) versus time (t) gave the straight line in accordance with the equation ... 

There are three different types of chemicals essential for life carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). The duplication of DNA requires an enzyme DNA polymerase among others. DNA polymerase is a protein. However, as outlined above, a protein is produced according to the blueprint on a DNA. So, DNA needs protein(s) for its own duplication, and proteins need DNA as the source of information on their structures. So, in the beginning, which came first, DNA (gene) or protein This is the ultimate chicken-egg issue. 

A macromolecule of insulin has a total of 51 such units with 16 variations of R. Proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), and enzymes generally are complex macromolecules (see Chapter 15). 

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