Nucleic acid nomenclature

For a given gene, the corresponding mRNA is complementary to (matches the base pairing of) the strand of the DNA where the information in the gene is stored. The conventions on nucleic acid nomenclature, nucleic acid structure, and the Wat-son-Crick rules for complementary base-pairing are given in Chapter 3. 

Thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of ionic liquids and mixtures Miscibility and other properties of organic liquids Enzyme and nucleic acid nomenclature Portal to crystallographic databases See B.13 See B.13.b... 

The lUBMB Commission on Nomenclature has issued a number of recommendations dealing with areas of a more biochemical nature (72), such as peptide hormones (86), conformation of polypeptide chains (87), abbreviations for nucleic acids and polynucleotides (88), iron—sulfur proteins (89), enzyme units (90), etc. The Commission has also produced rules and recommendations for naming enzymes (91,92). 

Vimses contain either RNA or DNA, and this nucleic acid composition forms the basis for thek classification. Although vimses ate known to infect bactetia, insects, plants, animals, and humans, this discussion is restticted to the important vimses of vertebrates. The relevant vimses ate summarized in Table 2, using the nomenclature and taxonomy recommended by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Vimses (4,5). 

A systematic nomenclature has been developed for the chemokine receptors (see Table 1). Thus, receptors for CC chemokines are referred to as CCR, receptors for CXC chemokines as CXCR, and the receptors for the XC and CX3C chemokines as XCR and CX3CR, respectively. To date, there are 10 CCRs (CCRs 1 to 10), 7 CXCRs, a single XCR, and a single CX3CR. The numbering is based on the date of deposition of the chemokine receptor sequence within the nucleic acid databases. For orphan receptors, this date refers to the point of identification of the orphan receptors as chemokine receptors and not to the date of initial deposition in the cDNA databases. 

We still need to clear up one or two points of nomenclature in normal replication of nucleic acids, the matrix (the + strand) and the newly formed daughter strand (- strand) are held together by Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding. This process is also referred to as cross-catalytic . Normal autocatalysis is different it leads to a product which corresponds in structure to the matrix, so that there is no difference between the + and - strands. Such self-complementary sequences are called palindromes. 

NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS Abbreviations and symbols for nucleic acids, polynucleotides and their constituents /. Biol. Chem. (1970) 245, 5171-5176 Corrections, J. Biol Chem. (1971) 246, 4894 Abbreviations and symbols for the description of conformations of polynucleotide chains Eur. J. Biochem. (1983) 131, 9-15 Nomenclature for incompletely specified bases in nucleic acid sequences... 

J. Biol Chem. (1986) 261, 13-17 Nomenclature of junctions and branch points in nucleic acids... 

Bases, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides. The relationship of these components of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide is shown in Chart 10. The numbering of the pyrimidine (uracil) and the purine (adenine) shown is the IUPAC nomenclature used by Chemical Abstracts, and... 

The principles behind ultrafiltration are sometimes misunderstood. The nomenclature implies that separations are the result of physical trapping of the particles and molecules by the filter. With polycarbonate and fiberglass filters, separations are made primarily on the basis of physical size. Other filters (cellulose nitrate, polyvinylidene fluoride, and to a lesser extent cellulose acetate) trap particles that cannot pass through the pores, but also retain macromolecules by adsorption. In particular, these materials have protein and nucleic acid binding properties. Each type of membrane displays a different affinity for various molecules. For protein, the relative binding affinity is polyvinylidene fluoride > cellulose nitrate > cellulose acetate. We can expect to see many applications of the affinity membranes in the future as the various membrane surface chemistries are altered and made more specific. Some applications are described in the following pages. 

Nomenclature for Incompletely Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences http //www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/misc/naseq.html Nomenclature of Peptide Hormones http //www.cliem.qimil.ac.uk/iubmb/misc/ phorm.html... 

For nomenclatures of these amino acids and bases of nucleic acids, see Section 4.1.2. 

Finally, we wish to stress the dynamic nature of systematics and the necessary changes in nomenclature that accompany the discovery of new species or the reworking of evolutionary relationships within previously described taxa. Some molecular evolutionists may be naive about the importance of voucher specimens and the necessity of retaining information about the actual animals from which they have sampled nucleic acids or proteins. Voucher specimens physically and permanently document data in an archival report by (1) verifying the identity of the oiganism(s) used in the study and (2) by so doing, ensure that a study which otherwise could not be repeated can be accurately reviewed or reassessed. 9... 

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