Nuclear power plants process

IAEA (2010). Risk-informed in-service inspection of piping systems of nuclear power plants process, status, issues and development, IAEA nuclear energy series, ISSN 1995-7807, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria. 

Chemical-Process Vessels. Explosion-bonded products are used in the manufacture of process equipment for the chemical, petrochemical, and petroleum industries where the corrosion resistance of an expensive metal is combined with the strength and economy of another metal. AppHcations include explosion cladding of titanium tubesheet to Monel, hot fabrication of an explosion clad to form an elbow for pipes in nuclear power plants, and explosion cladding titanium and steel for use in a vessel intended for terephthaHc acid manufacture. 

If possible comparisons are focused on energy systems, nuclear power safety is also estimated to be superior to all electricity generation methods except for natural gas (30). Figure 3 is a plot of that comparison in terms of estimated total deaths to workers and the pubHc and includes deaths associated with secondary processes in the entire fuel cycle. The poorer safety record of the alternatives to nuclear power can be attributed to fataUties in transportation, where comparatively enormous amounts of fossil fuel transport are involved. Continuous or daily refueling of fossil fuel plants is required as compared to refueling a nuclear plant from a few tmckloads only once over a period of one to two years. This disadvantage appHes to solar and wind as well because of the necessary assumption that their backup power in periods of no or Httie wind or sun is from fossil-fuel generation. Now death or serious injury has resulted from radiation exposure from commercial nuclear power plants in the United States (31). 

The largest consumers of water in the United States are thermal power plants (eg, steam and nuclear power plants) and the iron and steel, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, and food-processing industries. They consume >60% of the total industrial water requirements (see also Power generation Wastes, industrial). 

Process Water Purification Boiler feed water is a major process apphcation of RO. Sealants and colloids are particularly well rejected by membranes, and TDS is reduced to a level that makes ion exchange or continuous deionization for the residual ions very economic. Even the extremely high quahty water required for nuclear power plants can be made from seawater. The iiltra-high quahty water required for production of electronic microcircuits is usually processed starting with two RO systems operating in series, followeci by many other steps. 

This chapter overviews the techniques for incorporating external events into a PSA. The discussion was primarily aimed at nuclear power plants but is equally applicable to chemical process plants. The types of external events discussed were earthquakes, fires and floods. Notably absent were severe winds and tornados. Tornados are analyzed as missiles impacting the structures and causing common-cause failures of systems (EPRINP-768). Missile propagation and the resulting damage is a specialized subject usually solved with computer codes. 

Given the damage states, the analysis flows much as shown in Figure 6.3-1, depending on the process. For a nuclear power plant, thermal-hydraulic analyses determine the spatial temperature of the damaged core, and consequently the ability of the core to retain radioactive materials. Analysis of the physical processes reveals the amounts of hazardous materials that may be released. 

This chapter shows that chemical process systems may fail and have serious consequences to the workers, public and the environment. Comparing with Chapter 6, chemical processes are similar to the processes in a nuclear power plant, hence, they may be analyzed similarly because both consist of tanks, pipes heat exchangers, and sources of heat. As an example of analysis, we analyze a storage tank rupture. 

If the containment holds, nuclear power plants present no risk to the public. Overpressurization of the containment is the failure mode that could allow direct release of radioactivity to the public. Design a risk reduction investigation of the benefits of releasing the gas pressure through an offgas processing system that removes the particulates. 

According to a recent report [11], the nuclear power plant was the focus of the designers attention the standards used for the nuclear power plant were more stringent than those for the rest of the submarine. In the process industries utilities, storage areas and offplots often get less attention than the main units and are involved in disproportionately more incidents. 

Fault trees originated in the aerospace industry and have been used extensively by the nuclear power industry to qualify and quantify the hazards and risks associated with nuclear power plants. This approach is becoming more popular in the chemical process industries, mostly as a result of the successful experiences demonstrated by the nuclear industry. 

Delay for Decay A process for trapping radioactive gases (e.g., xenon, krypton, iodine) from nuclear power plants until their radioactivities have decayed to acceptable levels. Activated carbon is the usual adsorbent, and the gases are first dried with a zeolite. 

GEODE [General Electric organic destruction] A development of the Ultrox process in which a combination of ozone and ultraviolet radiation is used to oxidize traces of organic compounds in water. Developed by the General Electric Company and demonstrated at the Commonwealth Edison nuclear power plant at Dresden, IL, in 1989. The requirement was to reduce the concentration of total organic carbon in the process and makeup waters to the low parts-per-billion range. 

Jacobs R., Haber S., 1994. Organizational processes and nuclear power plant safety, Reliability Engineering System Safety 45, pp. 75-83. 

Kroll process, 13 84-85 15 337 17 140 in titanium manufacture, 24 851-853 Kroll zirconium reduction process, 26 631 KRW gasifier, 6 797-798, 828 Krypton (Kr), 17 344 commercial, 17 368t complex salts of, 17 333-334 doubly ionized, 14 685 hydroquinone clathrate of, 14 183 in light sources, 17 371-372 from nuclear power plants, 17 362 physical properties of, 17 350 Krypton-85, 17 375, 376 Krypton compounds, 17 333-334 Krypton derivatives, 17 334 Krypton difluoride, 17 333, 336 uses for, 17 336... 

I hink about a prehistoric family group building a fire. It may seem as though this fire does not have much in common with a nuclear power plant. Both the fire and the nuclear power plant, however, are technologies that harness energy-producing processes. 

After the oil crisis in 1973, the need for large enrichment capacities for supply of fuel to the nuclear power plants became obvious and several European countries (Belgium, France, Italy and Spain) decided to build the huge Eurodif gas diffusion plant. This plant is located in France, in the Rhone valley, a few kilometers away from the Pierrelatte plant. Simultaneously, England, West Germany and the Netherlands (the Troika) chose to jointly develop the centrifugation process for uranium enrichment, which does not use membranes. 

The major characteristic of technetium is that it is the only element within the 29 transition metal-to-nonmetal elements that is artificially produced as a uranium-fission product in nuclear power plants. It is also the tightest (in atomic weight) of all elements with no stable isotopes. Since all of technetiums isotopes emit harmful radiation, they are stored for some time before being processed by solvent extraction and ion-exchange techniques. The two long-lived radioactive isotopes, Tc-98 and Tc-99, are relatively safe to handle in a well-equipped laboratory. 

Krypton also may be recovered from spent fuel rods of nuclear power plants. It is produced, along with xenon, in fission of uranium and plutonium. This process, however, is not a major source of krypton, and the recovered gas also contains radioactive Kr-85 isotope. 

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