Industrial processes utilizing

The applications of enzymes can be classified into three major categories industrial enzymes, analytical enzymes, and medical enzymes. In this chapter, we review several industrial processes, utilizing industrial enzymes such as starch conversion and enzymatic hydrolysis of celluloses. Before we discuss the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch and cellulose, we review the organic chemistry of carbohydrates. 

The catalytic activity of ruthenium complexes for the cyclopropanation of olefins and diazoacetates has been well investigated and, depending on the ligands utilized, the complexes have a high potential to produce high yields, stereoselectivities and enantioselectivities that are almost comparable to those of rhodium or copper catalysts [35], Moreover, related carbene complexes of ruthenium have been isolated in order to clarify the mechanism of cyclopropanation [32-34], It is likely that further improvements in these reactions will lead to the development of industrial processes utilizing cyclopropanation. 

Industrial combustion Industrial processes Utility power Area sources Totals... 

Development of environmentally benign industrial processes utilizing CO2, which is a cheap and safe Ci resource as well as a nontoxic reaction medium, has received much interest. One of the attractive reactions is the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from CO2 and methanol. The reaction is reversible and can be expressed by eqn. (3) ... 

Even with these potential advantages, LMs have been only slowly developed as useful industrial vehicles. While many theoretical modelling studies of LMs as separation tools have been performed in the past decade, it has been only recently that industrial processes utilizing LM... 

In January 1986 Isicom, a prescription drug used to treat the Parkinson syndrome, went on sale in the former German Democratic Republic. Isicom is a combination of L-dopa [L-dopa=(S)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine] and L-carbidopa. For both components, new synthetic procedures were developed independently at the former Academy of Sciences of the GDR and the production of the active substances was realized at the former VEB ISIS-Chemie Zwickau. In this contribution the history and details of the development of the L-dopa process are recounted. For the commercial application of enantioselective catalysis, this is of some importance, since it was the first industrial process utilizing asymmetric complex catalysis to be realized in the former socialistic countries as well as in Europe. 

Continuous Countercurrent Multistage Fractional Extraction. The industrial process utilizing the double-solvent principles is continuous and is carried out according to the flowsheet of Fig. 7.18 (2, 15). The feed, consisting principally of a mixture of B and C to be separated, is introduced into the central portion of a cascade of stages, 1 to 1. To facilitate... 

Several large-scale industrial processes utilizing heteropolyacids (HPA) catalysts exist. The two examples are hydration of the isobutylene and the polymerization of the tetrahydrofuran. ... 

A. Haynes (2007) in Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry III, eds R.H. Crabtree and D.M.P. Mingos, Elsevier, Oxford, vol. 7, p. 427 Commercial applications of iridium complexes in homogeneous catalysis A review dealing with modem industrial processes utilizing Ir-based homogeneous catalysts. 

The chapter presents a brief overview of the current research on V205/Ti02 catalysts for o-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride at Clariant. Phthalic anhydride is produced in tubular, salt-cooled reactors with a capacity of about 5 Mio to per annum. There is a rather broad variety of different process conditions realized in industry in terms of feed composition, air flow rate, as well as reactor dimensions which the phthalic anhydride catalyst portfolio has to match. Catalyst active mass compositions have been optimized at Clariant for these differently realized industry processes utilizing artificial neural networks trained on high-throughput data. Fundamental pilot reactor research unravelling new details of the reaction network of the o-xylene oxidation led to an improved kinetic reactor model which allowed further optimizing of the state of the art multi-layer catalyst system for maximum phthalic anhydride yields. 

Microbial oil could be produced from various carbon sources (eg, glucose, lactose, xylose, sucrose, glycerol) using natural microorganisms contrary to bioethanol production where natural microorganisms that are traditionally used in industrial processes utilize mainly glucose and sucrose. 

The MA method can be used for making new Raney catalysts from spent and deactivated ones in industrial processes. Utilization and regeneration of the latter is an Important problem in economy and ecology which has not been settled as yet. There are big difficulties in the remelting of powders wlch is associated with their easy oxidizability leading to big losses (up to 40%) of metallic nickel (ref.12). 

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