Nuclear Power Group discussion

Carson, H. G., and L, H. Landrum (Eds,), Preliminary Discussion and Cost Estimate for the Production of Central-station Power from an. Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor Utilizing Thorium—Uranium-233, L S.AEC Report NPG-112, Nuclear Power Group, Feb. 1, 1955. 

A number of special processes have been developed for difficult separations, such as the separation of the stable isotopes of uranium and those of other elements (see Nuclear reactors Uraniumand uranium compounds). Two of these processes, gaseous diffusion and gas centrifugation, are used by several nations on a multibillion doUar scale to separate partially the uranium isotopes and to produce a much more valuable fuel for nuclear power reactors. Because separation in these special processes depends upon the different rates of diffusion of the components, the processes are often referred to collectively as diffusion separation methods. There is also a thermal diffusion process used on a modest scale for the separation of heflum-group gases (qv) and on a laboratory scale for the separation of various other materials. Thermal diffusion is not discussed herein. 

The third principal component of environmental radioactivity is that due to the activities of humans, the anthropogenic radionuclides. This group of nuclides includes the previously discussed cases of 3H and 14C along with the fission products and the transuranium elements. The primary sources of these nuclides are nuclear weapons tests and nuclear power plant accidents. These events and the gross nuclide releases associated with them are shown in Table 3.1. Except for 14C and... 

Cobalt. The speciation of radiocobalt has been selected for discussion in this chapter because it exemplifies an element for which much information already exists regarding its stable chemical speciation, yet there are additional species which have become environmentally important as a result of the activities of the nuclear industry Cobalt, the middle member of the first triad of group VIII transition metals in the Periodic Table (iron, cobalt, nickel), is most stable in the divalent state when in simple compounds. Studies of radionuclide releases from nuclear power plants under tropical conditions in India seem to indicate that... 

Where there is a risk of about 10 year that individuals may become casualties, steps are usually taken to reduce the risk if possible—thus, the present day concern of society to reduce the death toll from traffic accidents. As the risk diminishes, concern and countermeasures become less in evidence. For risks less than 10 year , the individual does not appear to worry much, and so elaborate precautions against the risk are seldom taken—we do not pass our lives in constant fear of being struck by lightning. Some consider that in these thoughts lies a possible clue to the level of risk from nuclear power that may be acceptable to the individual. This may well be true, and we discuss the matter further below however, experience of debate about reactor siting, and common experience of life and of the daily news which most affect people s actions and reactions may persuade us that it is the collective risk of numbers of people or a group that should provide the basis of a criterion of overriding importance in relation to risk from nuclear power. This also is discussed further in this section. 

Lower melting point gold-based brazing alloys may be classified into two groups, according to the application. There are the karat gold brazes, which are mostly used in the jewelry trade, and others that were developed to address the needs of other application sectors, such as the electronics, nuclear power, and aerospace industries [29]. These types of gold-based brazes will be discussed in turn. 

Pauling joined a discussion group of concerned professors and students in Pasadena and was among the first to understand that the new bomb also meant a changed role for scientists. The problem presented to the world by the destructive power of atomic energy overshadows, of course, any other problem, he wrote a fellow researcher less than two months after Hiroshima. I feel that, in addition to our professional activities in the nuclear field, we should make our voices known with respect to the political significance of science. ... 

The main constituents of cell membranes are lipids and proteins. Therefore, we have to study possible associations between these macromolecules and molecules having anesthetic potency. It is instructive, however, at a preliminary stage, to study simpler systems which exhibit some of the basic patterns of asociation that occur in membranes. The results of such studies will be described and discussed in the present chapter. The method used has been mainly infrared spectroscopy. While other techniques, like Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy turn out to be more powerful tools in many cases, infrared spectra can be highly informative in others, especially when polar groups are involved. 

The substituent properties of the cyclopropyl group have been assessed by a number of physical methods, including measurements of ionization potentials, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectra , dipole moments, and thermochemistry, and the results of these studies up until 1970 were thoroughly covered by Charton Several of these topics are discussed in detail in separate chapters of this volume, but particular results are cited here when appropriate to illustrate the conjugative powers of cyclopropyl and its use as a probe for reaction mechanisms. 

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