Nuclear architecture

Protein prenylation (also called isoprenylation) attaches a 15-carbon, farnesyl diphosphate or a 20-carbon geranylgeranyl diphosphate to the cysteine residue near the C termini of the target proteins (Overmeyer et al., 1998 Rodrfguez-Concepcion et al., 1999a). This reaction is conserved both in animals and plants. The functions of the target proteins include signal transduction, nuclear architecture, and vesicular transport. 

IN THE NUCLEUS TRANSCRIPTIONAL INSULATOR FUNCTION, NUCLEAR ARCHITECTURE,... 

T. Cremer, and C. Cremer, Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 292-301 (2001). 

Hendzel, M.J., Boisvert, F., and Bazett-Jones, D.P. (1999) Direct visualization of a protein nuclear architecture. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10(6), 2051-2062. 

As the weak interaction is the slowest of all, it was the first to find itself unable to keep up with the rapid expansion of the Universe. The neutrinos it produces, which serve as an indicator of the weak interaction, were the first to experience decoupling, the particle equivalent of social exclusion. By the first second, expansion-cooled neutrinos ceased to interact with other matter in the form of protons and neutrons. This left the latter free to organise themselves into nuclei. Indeed, fertile reactions soon got under way between protons and neutrons. However, the instability of species with atomic masses between 5 and 8 quickly put paid to this first attempt at nuclear architecture. The two species of nucleon, protons and neutrons, were distributed over a narrow range of nuclei from hydrogen to lithium-7, but in a quite unequal way. 

Misteli T. Protein dynamics Implications for nuclear architecture and gene expression. Science 2001 291 843. 

Dynamics and interplay of nuclear architecture, genome organization, and gene expression. Genes Dev., 21, 3027-3043. 

In conclusion, gene distribution is bimodal in the tobacco genome and this bimodality is due to the amphidiploid nature of this genome. The lack of recombination seen in the tobacco genome fits with the concept of nuclear architecture, namely with the concept of... 

Heslop-Harrison J.S. and Bennett M.D. (1990). Nuclear architecture in plants. Trends Genet. 6 401-405. 

The structures, the interactions, and the dynamics of proteins are fundamental to their function. The dynamic properties of proteins in the nucleus are essential for their function in nuclear architecture and gene expression. High mobility of proteins ensures their availability throughout the nucleus and the dynamic interaction creates the architectural framework for nuclear processes. Thus, nuclear morphology is shaped by the functional interactions of nuclear protein components. Studies with fluorescently tagged protein molecules reveal high mobility, compartmentation, and repeated transient interactions. 

Tom Misteli, Protein Dynamics Implications for Nuclear Architecture and Gene Expression, Science, 291 (2001), 843-847. 

Dernburg, A. F Broman, K. W., Fung, J. C., Marshall, W. F., Philips, J., Agard. D. A., and Sedat, J. W. (1996a). Perturbation of nuclear architecture by long-distance chromosome interactions. Cell Cambridge, Mass.) 85, 745-759. 

This is a combination of the above method with a formaldehyde fixation protocol (Pringle et al., 1991). We find it advantageous in combination with certain applications of FISH (e.g., for testing the location of the telomeres at the nuclear periphery) because the nuclear architecture is less damaged than in ordinary spreads. However, for silver staining of SCs and immunostaining of SC proteins, this method is not recommended because the SC is masked by the surrounding chromatin. 

THE STAR CONCEPT A HIERARCHICAL HUB-SPOKE NUCLEAR ARCHITECTURE BASED ON LONG REFUELING INTERVAL BATTERY REACTORS AND REGIONAL FUEL CYCLE CENTERS... 

At any given time with the nuclear architecture delivering P fissions/year Net TRU mass gain... 

Johansen K.M., Johansen J., Baek K.H., and Jin Y. 1996. Remodeling of nuclear architecture during the cell cycle in Drosophila embryos. /. Cell. Biochem. 63 ... 

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