Novelty products

As the shear rate increases, the viscosity of some dispersions actually increases. This is called dilatancy, or shear-thickening. Dilatancy can be due to the dense packing of particles in very concentrated dispersions for which at low shear, the particles can just move past each other but at high shear they become wedged together such that the fluid cannot fill (lubricate) the increased void volume, and the viscosity increases. An example of this effect is the apparent drying of wet beach sand when walked on, the sand in the footprint initially appears very dry and then moistens a few seconds later. Other examples include concentrated suspensions (plastisols) of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) particles in plasticizer liquid and the commercial novelty product Silly Putty (which is a silicone material). 

Moldable beads are produced by suspension polymerization, swelling with pentane, warming to soften and pre-expand the beads, pouring them into a mold, and steaming to expand them fully, soften them, and fuse them together into a finished product. This produces drinking cups, molded packaging, board stock, and display and novelty products. 

Single-serve products, such as cones, ice creams or ice lollies on sticks and choc ices, that are bought singly from a shop or ice cream van, or in multi-packs from a supermarket. These are often described as impulse (because they are often bought on impulse) or novelty products (because manufacturers usually introduce new products or variants each year to maintain consumer interest through novelty). 

The Chamber process revolutionized the sulfur world. Until then, acid was a novelty product which could only be used in miniscule quantities because of cost. With the developments of Roebuck and others, sulfuric acid was about to become the most widely used chemical in the world ... 

Technical textiles can be used for a wide range of products as already shown. Figure 1.20 illustrates this the share of novelty products (new products on market) of the annual sales are around 25%, and only the automotive and the electronics industry show a greater percentage of novelties. 

Patents are important for companies to protect their research. In industry, novelties are first published in patents and nowhere else. This means that only up to 10% of the information contained in patents is available through other information systems. In addition, to avoid redundant investigations, companies can monitor the research of competitors and can claim new developments (products, compounds, etc.) on their own. 

The legally trained member of the interdisciplinary committee should provide insight as to the significance of the technological advance and as to whether any commercial product ultimately derived from the invention could be protected by an issued patent. Another important function of this person is to determine the scope of the invention based on preceding events, pubHcations, or activities which may have otherwise limited the breadth of the invention. To this end, U.S. law requires that an invention satisfy a number of prerequisites or requirements before issuing a patent novelty, nonobviousness, utiHty, and disclosure. 

PLA/PCL-OMMT nano-composites were prepared effectively using fatty amides as clay modifier. The nano-composites shows increasing mechanical properties and thermal stability (Hoidy et al, 2010c). New biopolymer nano-composites were prepared by treatment of epoxidized soybean oil and palm oil, respectively plasticized PLA modified MMT with fatty nitrogen compounds. The XRD and TEM results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. The novelty of these studies is use of fatty nitrogen compoimds which reduces the dependence on petroleum-based surfactants (Al-Mulla et al., 2011 Al-Mulla et ah, 2011 Al- Mulla et ah, 2010c). 

The eyespots on butterfly wings are a recently derived evolutionary novelty that arose in a subset of the Lepidoptera and play an important role in predator avoidance. The production of the eyespot pattern is controlled by a developmental organizer called the focus, which induces the surrounding cells to synthesize specific pigments. The evolution of the developmental mechanisms that establish focus was therefore the key to the origin of butterfly eyespots (Keys et al., 1999, p.532). 

The first synthesis of a 2-azatropone, eg. 13 (R = f-Bu) has been described by Takami and co-workers. Although the yield was poor, the product itself has some novelty. It resulted (Scheme 4) from selenium dioxide oxidation of the 3//-azepine 12 (R = t-Bu) <00JOC6093>. 

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