Non-destructive procedures

Modern bulk analysis methods make possible non-destructive chemical identification, which means that the sample remains intact after the analysis. Such a procedure is provided by electron microprobe or X-ray fluorescence analyses, in which the sample is irradiated by electron beams or X-rays and the elemental composition is determined on the basis of induced characteristic X-ray emissions. These methods have been successfully employed to study both stratospheric (Junge, 1963) and tropospheric (Gillette and Blifford, 1971) aerosol particles. Neutron activation analysis is also widely used to identify the chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter (e.g. Duceef ai, 1966 Rahn etal., 1971) this is also a non-destructive procedure. 

The structural evaluation of pavements is conducted primarily by suitably designed devices and is a non-destructive procedure. However, destructive tests are often necessary to be carried out to confirm the results of the non-destructive structural evaluation of the pavement. On a project level, destructive testing alone may be sufficient for pavement structural evaluation. 

The basic condition of the Standard application - the availability of stable coupled probabilistic or the multiple probabilistic relations between then controlled quality indexes and magnetic characteristics of steel. All the probabilistic estimates, used in the Standard, are applied at confidence level not less than 0,95. General requirements to the means of control and procedure of its performance are also stipulated. Engineers of standard development endeavoured take into consideration the existed practice of technical control performance and test at the enterprises that is why the preparation of object control for the performance of nondestructive test can be done during the process of ordinary acceptance test. It is suggested that every enterprise is operated in correspondence with direct and non-destructive tests, obtained exactly at it, for detailed process chart and definite product type, however the tests have long since been performed after development of the Standard displayed that process gives way to unification. 

GOST 30415 specifies plans for inspection the products of different types and sets formulae for calculation of inspected numbers while applying magnetic inspection. The procedure of random inspection is predetermined to check the authenticity of the correlated relation usage and regulations are introduced to enter data file of non-destructive and parallel tests. 

Increasing mechanisation and automatisation of non-destructive inspection procedures lead to an increasing amount of data that is acquired in a short amount of time. This in turn creates a need for reliable automatic or automated data interpretation techniques. 

In non-destructive testing, there are almost as many procedures, needs or uses as users it is therefore important to be able to quickly modify the instrument in order to answer a new request. This new architecture is meant for such operations. 

The first stage in any inspection is to generate a proeedure which is specific to the component being examined in many instances, such a procedure will be based on a standard such as CEN J5I/-EN1714 Non-Destructive Testing of Welds - Ultrasonic Examination of Welded Joints . CamuS incorporates a tool ProcGen to provide assistance with this task. 

The recognised third party organisations can be notified by the Member States to the Commission and the other Member States for the earrying out of approvals related to the qualification of personnel and procedures for permanent joining and for the qualification of personnel for non-destructive testing. 

The first approach - quality through NDT laboratory accreditation - is widely used both in Western and Eastern Europe and is realized on rules and procedures specified in the EN 45000 series and EAL -G15 Accreditation for Non-Destructive Testing Laboratories . 

The second approach - creation of systems for non-destructive testing quality assurance in compliance with ISO standards 9000 series - considers the quality system as an assembly of organisational strueture, procedures, processes and resources necessary for overall quality management at the laboratory. This approach requires methodieal development. 

The procedure concerning non-destructive testing must contain function of the procedure ... 

The procedure approved by Gosstandart may have status of state standard, for example, GOST Non-destructive Testing. Ultrasonic Testing of rails , where types of devices, probes, procedure of the instrument adjustment are specified. Such kind of procedure may be used on site. 

Crystalline material will diffract a beam of X-rays, and X-ray powder diffractometry can be used to identify components of mixtures. These X-ray procedures are examples of non-destructive methods of analysis. 

The introduction of tight personal security procedures and visual or X-ray inspection of carry-on luggage at all domestic and international airports in 1972, resulted in almost complete elimination of skyjacking incidents in the USA. This situation has most likely interrupted or delayed the further development of automatic non-destructive inspection methods for expls in baggage at airline terminals... 

The frequencies of absorption bands present gives diagnostic information on the nature of functional groups in materials as well as information from any observed frequency shifts on aspects such as hydrogen bonding and crystallinity. In many cases, spectra can be recorded non-destructively using either reflection or transmission procedures. IR spectra of small samples can also be obtained through microscopes (IR microspectrometry). Chalmers and Dent [8] discuss the theory and practice of IR spectroscopy in their book on industrial analysis with vibrational spectroscopy. Standard spectra of additives for polymeric materials include the major collection by Hummel and Scholl [9]. 

Of those properties on the list, the most difficult to attain is a non-destructive readout procedure. Two approaches have been adopted to overcome this problem. ... 

The vendor shall be responsible for the review of all repairs and repair welds to ensure they are properly heat-treated and non-destructively examined for soundness and compliance with the applicable qualified procedures (see 5.12.3.1 and 7.2.2.1). 

Chemical analysis is the proof of many innovations the evolution of technologies has led to the development of high-performance instruments allowing new possibilities, notably hyphenated methods and non-destructive methods. Non-destructive tests can be conducted on very small samples that do not necessitate extensive sample preparation. Users can finally acquire instruments that meet the quality and precision requirements necessary to obtain certification. This latter requirement is an important if not a sufficient condition to officially recognise the quality of results produced by a laboratory. Certification procedures are enforced by a number of testing bodies all over the world. 

To be able to estimate bond strength by a non-destructive method is extremely attractive, especially for quality control purposes. The possibility of using ultrasonics for this application has been recognised for a long time36 and efforts have been made to standardise a procedure for the inspection of such components as engine mountings. 

The experimental methods used to measure residual stresses are essentially the same for metals and polymers. The most widespread are mechanical methods, which can be destructive, non-destructive, and semi-destructive146. Destructive methods involve cutting off part of a sample the residual part reacts to this procedure by deformations or displacements proportional to the inherent stresses. This approach is based on the Saint-Venant principle the response in the residual part does not depend on the stress distribution in the cut part of a sample. After measuring the distribution of deformations, residual stresses in the initial sample can be calculated. 

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