Classification and nomenclature

The EC system of classification is based on the division of enzymes into six major classes according to the reaction they catalyse (Table 3.1). Each class is subdivided. In class 1, oxidoreductases, this is done according to the nature of the electron donor 1.1 with CHOH group as donor 1.2 with aldehyde or 0x0 group as a donor 1.3 with CH2-CH2 group as donor, etc. A further subdivision is achieved by consideration of the electron acceptor 1.1.1 with NAD as acceptor 1.1.2 with cytochrome as acceptor 1.1.3 with O2 as acceptor, etc. Finally, each enzyme that catalyses a unique reaction is given a fourth number so that, for 

In the early periods of carbohydrate chemistry no systematic nomenclature existed. A polysaccharide name coined at that time usually reflected the origin of the polysaccharide or sometimes emphasized some property of the isolated substance. Illustrative examples of such polysaccharide nomenclature are found in the terms cellulose, the principal 

For a comprehensive review of polysaccharide chemistry see R. L. Whistler and C. L. Smart, Polysaccharide Chemistry. Academic Press, New York, 1953. 

Persistent because of its wide use in the literature is the term pentosan, which designates polysaccharides composed of pentose sugar residues. This obviously unsystematic term has so far not been shortened to pentan or glycopentan. Cellulosan as a term for polysaccharides closely associated with cellulose is little used in modern carbohydrate literature. 

Polysaccharides of the same type differ at least slightly from one source to another. Sometimes the differences are quite marked, as with starches. There is a well-known and readily apparent difference among starches 

Unfortunately, many polysaccharides have not been examined in rigorously pure conditions, and often examination has not extended to characterization of films. Therefore, at times, it is useful to classify polysaccharides according to source. 

Recently, the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee adopted a new nomenclature, the SLCO (character O is from the head letter of OATP). It is subdivided into families ( 40% amino acid sequence identity), subfamilies ( 60% amino acid sequence identity), and individual genes and gene products according to their phylogenetic relationships and chronology of identification [2]. 

The phylogenetic relationship was proposed as the basis of a new classification system that provides an unambiguous and species-independent nomenclature for all 

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Walker, C.H. (1989). The development of an improved system of nomenclature and classification of esterases. In E. Reiner, W.N. Aldridge, and F.C.G. Hoskin (Eds.) Enzymes Elydrolysing Organophosphorous Compounds, Chichester Ellis Harwood. 53-64. 

The intense need for herbal information in response to consumer interest in natural products was an acute reminder that information and knowledge generated locally have an international role. Confusion created by multiple names and unreliable nomenclature and classification of natural products mirrors problems encountered with drug nomenclature in the 1960s. Our information deficit in this area is still large. Chapter 24 presents a discussion of natural products. 

Choquette, P. W. and Pray, L. C., 1970, Geologic Nomenclature and Classification of Porosity in Sedimentary Carbonates American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, Vol. 54, pp. 207-250. 

With respect to the nomenclature and classification system that Ingold set up, it is interesting to note the incorporation not only of traditional anthropomorphic metaphors of love and war (italicized), but also (without making too much of it) ones suggesting the modem capitalist marketplace (bold-face) ... 

Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2001 53 527-552. 

The nomenclature and classification of monosaccharides is further complicated by the presence of chiral carbons within monosaccharides. In the late nineteenth century it was ascertained that the configuration of the last chiral carbon in each of the naturally occurring monosaccharides is the same as that for (-i-)-glyceraldehyde. This configuration was designated as D and it was determined that all naturally occurring monosaccharides were in the D configuration. 

Enzyme Nomenclature 1978. Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes, Academic Press, New York, 1979. 

Duarte EP, Oliveira CR, Carvalho AP (1988) Thermodynamic analysis of antagonist and agonist interaction with dopamine receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 147(2) 227-239 Fredholm BB, Ijzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J (2001) International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 53(4) 527—552... 

Fredholm BB, IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J (2001) International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev... 

XXV. Nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 53 527-552 Furlong T, Pierce K, Selbie L, Shine J (1992) Molecular characterization of a human brain adenosine A2 receptor. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 15 62-66 Gao Z, Chen A, Barak D, Kim S, Muller C, Jacobson K (2002a) Identification by site-directed mutagenesis of residues involved in ligand recognition and activation of the human A3 adenosine receptor. J Biol Chem 277 19056-19063... 

Choquette P.W. and Pray L.C. (1970) Geologic nomenclature and classification of porosity in sedimentary carbonates. AAPG Bull. 54, 207-250. 

IUPAC and IUB (1972) Enzyme Nomenclature Recommendations of the Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes together with their Units and the Symbols of Enzyme Kinetics. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

B3. Barrett, A. J., Fritz, H., Grubb, A., Isemura, S., Farvinen, M., el al., Nomenclature and classification of the proteins homologous with the cysteine-proteinase inhibitor chicken cystatin [letter]. Biochem. J. 236(1), 312 (1986). 

Koscielniak, P. Calibration methods - nomenclature and classification. In Namie ik, J. (ed.) New Horizons and Challenges in Environmental Analysis and Monitoring. CEEAM, Gdansk... 

Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (NC-IUBMB). Enzyme Nomenclature Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology on the Nomenclature and Classification of Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions. Published in Enzyme Nomenclature 1992 [Academic Press, San Diego, California, ISBN 0-12-227164-5 (hardback), 0-12-227165-3 (paperback)] with Supplement 1 (1993), Supplement 2 (1994), Supplement 3 (1995), Supplement 4 (1997), and Supplement 5 (in Eur.J. Biochem. 1994, 223, 1—5 Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 232, 1—6 Eur.J. Biochem. 1996, 237, 1—5 Eur. J. Biochem. 1997, 250, 1—6, and Eur.J. Biochem. 1999, 264, 610—650, respectively) [Copyright lUBMB] and online at http //www.chem.qmuLac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/index.html). 

The reader is encouraged to review Jenke s detailed discussion, nomenclature, and classification process for extraction strategies. Jenke has also published a... 

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