Nocardia spp

Acid-fast staining for Cryptosporidium sp. has recently become important because this parasite is now recognized as a cause of severe diarrhea in immunodeficient patients such as those with AIDS, and it can cause transient diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals. The modified acid-fast stain recommended is similar to that used to stain Nocardia spp. in that it uses milder acid decolorization. A variety of acid-fast and fluorochrome staining procedures have been described for Cryptosporidium spp., and all the procedures appear to work. 

Trisulfapyrimidine (a combination of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or sulfisoxazole can be used as an alternative drug for the treatment of melioidosis caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei and for infections produced by Nocardia spp. 

Minocycline is an effective alternative to rifampin for eradication of meningococci, including sulfonamide-resistant strains, from the nasopharynx. However, the high incidence of dose-related vestibular side effects renders it less acceptable. Although minocychne has good in vitro activity against Nocardia spp., further studies are necessary to confirm its clinical efficacy. 

Nocardia spp. Skin, pulmonary, central nervous system Sulfadiazine 1 g every 4-6 h TMP/SMX 4 mg/kg every 12 h ... 

In connection to mechanism 3, inactivation of macrolide antibiotics by pathogenic Nocardia spp. was not described in this review. For example, we did not consider the inactivation due to phosphorylation (class EC 3), glycosylation (EC 3), reduction (EC 1), deacylation (EC 3), or a combination of phosphorylation and reduction [209]. The organisms are usually found in soil and water, and most cases are opportunistic, occurring in immunosuppressed patients. 

Sulfonamides are of value in treating infections due to Nocardia spp. Sulfisoxazole or sulfadiazine may be given in dosages of 6-8 g daily and is continued for several months after all manifestations have resolved. The administration of a sulfonamide together with a second antibiotic has been recommended, especially for advanced cases, and ampicillin, erythromycin, streptomycin... 

It is not necessary to carry out an acid fast stain (Chapter 4) on Gram-positive rods giving a positive spore stain, but this test should be carried out on Grampositive rods which cannot be demonstrated to contain spores. This stain is intended to differentiate the genus Mycobacterium and some Nocardia spp. on the basis of the lipid material present in the outer layers of the cell. 

The peptidolipids which occur in Mycobacteria and Nocardia spp. are V-acyl oligopeptides. They often occur as glycoside derivatives (Kates, 1972). 

Among the sterically more demanding substrates, 2,2-disubstituted oxiranes were hydrolyzed in virtually complete enantioselectivities using enzymes from bacterial sources (E > 200), in particular Mycobacterium NCIMB 10420, Rhodococcus (NCIMB 1216, DSM 43338, IFO 3730) and closely related Nocardia spp. (Scheme 2.93) [608, 609]. All bacterial epoxide hydrolases exhibited a preference for the (S)-enantiomer. In those cases where the regioselectivity was determined, attack was found to exclusively occur at the unsubstituted oxirane carbon atom. 

C37H59N13O13 893.952 Glycolipid antibiotic. Isol. from Nocardia spp. Active against gram-positive and -negative bacteria and exp. infections in mice. DNA gyrase inhibitor. Sol. H2O fairly sol. MeOH poorly sol. Et20,... 

From Nocardia spp. Active against gram-positive bacteria. Orange cryst. Sol. MeOH, CHCI3 poorly sol. HjO. 

Patients with PAP are at an increased risk of infections not only with common respiratory pathogens but also opportunistic organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI), Aspergillus spp. Pneumocystis carinii, and Nocardia spp. (11,53). Seven cases of lung cancer in patients with iPAP have been reported (54), but whether or not this is a true association is not known. 

The skeleton is a branched polymer of D-arabinose and D-galactose in a 5 2 ratio. Every tenth arabinose has a mycolic acid esterified to the 5 -hydroxyl. These mycolic acids are 60-90 carbon fatty acids which are 2-branched or 3-hydroxylated (Figure 6.15). They may also contain other substituted groups such as cyclopropane rings or methoxy groups. The acids are often named after the type of bacteria in which they are found (e.g. nocardomycolic acid from Nocardia spp.). 

Different Nocardia spp. were employed under optimized conditions [143]. 

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