Nobel Prize in physiology

Ionic bonding was proposed by the German physicist Walther Kossel in 1916 in or der to explain the ability of substances such as molten sodium chloride to conduct an electric current He was the son of Albrecht Kossel winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in physiology or medi cine for early studies in nu cleic acids... 

Earl Sutherland of Vanderbilt University won the 1971 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for uncovering the role of cAMP as a second messenger in connection with his studies of the fight or flight hormone epineph rine (Section 27 6)... 

The 1968 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was shared by Robert W Holley of Cornell University for determining the nucleotide sequence of phenylalanine transfer RNA... 

Coenzyme A was isolated and identified by Fritz Lipmann, an American biochemist. Lipmann shared the 1953 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for this work. 

Watson and Crick shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Maurice Wilkins who, with Rosalind Franklin, was responsible for the X-ray crystallographic work. 

In one of the early experiments designed to elucidate the genetic code, Marshall Nirenberg of the U.S. National Institutes of Health (Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, 1968) prepared a synthetic mRNA in which all the bases were uracil. He added this poly(U) to a cell-free system containing all the necessary materials for protein biosynthesis. A polymer of a single amino acid was obtained. What amino acid was polymerized ... 

Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998, Nobelprize.org. Available online. URL http //nobelprize. org/nobel prizes/medicine/laureates/1998/press.html. Accessed on March 11, 2008. 

Press release The 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nobelforsamlingen, Karolinska Institutet. The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute. 11 October 1979, http //www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1979/press.html... 

Monoclonal antibodies can be produced not only in a cell culture but also in live animals. When injected into mice (in the peritoneal cavity, the gut), the hybridoma cells produce tumors containing an antibody-rich fluid called ascites fluid. Production in cell culture is usually preferred, as the ascites technique may be very painful to the animal and if replacement techniques exist, may be considered unethical. The process of producing monoclonal antibodies described above was invented by Georges Kohler. Cesar Milstein, and Niels Kaj Jeme in 1975 they shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 for the discovery (http //en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Antibody). 

Motulsky AG. The 1985 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. Science 1986 231 126127. 

For most of the history of mankind, unraveling the nucleotide sequence of even a quite small nucleic acid was a formidable undertaking. Following 7 years of labor, Robert Holley solved the first such structure, that for an alanine tRNA from yeast, in 1961. This molecule contains a linear chain of 76 nucleotides and includes some unusual bases, which actually help in base sequence determination. For this achievement, Holley shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968. 

In the 1970s, John Vane discovered the mechaiusm of action of NS AlDs, inhibition of COX, an accomplishment rewarded with a share of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1982. 

The concept of a neurotransmitter originated in the 1920s with the acetylcholine molecule. Henry Dale and Otto Loewi originated the concept of chemical transmission of nerve impulses. These scientists shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work. Acetylcholine was also the first neurotransmitter for which the structure was determined. Otto Loewi accomplished that task, also in 1936. 

First among the aminoglycosides was streptomycin, one of several antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces species by Selman Waksman—this from S. griseus in 1944. Waksman proved to be an enormously effective seeker of antibiotics in natural products. In addition to streptomycin, he discovered neomycin, another widely used antibiotic. Less important discoveries include actinomycin, clavacin, streptothricin, grisein, fradicin, and candidin. Waksman received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1952. 

During the decade of 1920-1929, no Americans were honored in chemistry, physiology, or medicine, but the Nobel prize in physics went to Robert Milliken in 1923 and to Arthur Compton (with the Englishman Charles Wilson) in 1927. Thereafter, U.S. scientists would receive about one of every three Nobel prizes in physiology, chemistry and medicine combined. The vitality of U.S. science was also found in the production of Ph.D. s in chemistry from 1921 to 1930. During this... 

For his discovery of acetylcholine, Loewi was awarded a share of the 1936 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine. As one condition of being allowed to leave Austria in 1938, he was required to hand over the cash award that was given him as part of his Nobel Prize. 

The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine—Press Release. Nobelprize.org. http //www.nobelprize. org/nobel prizes / medicine/laureates/2011 /press. html Accessed 23 Nov 2011... 

In 1962, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery that the structure of DNA is a double helix. This double helix is made up of two chains of DNA bound to each other by the ability of each A base to form a weak chemical bond to a T base and each C to a G. The bases only paired with their base partners, so that where one strand had a T, the other had an A, and where one had a C, the other had... 

The potential uses of monoclonal antibodies were not lost on the scientific, medical, or business communities. Soon, the method was being used to produce monoclonal antibodies for laboratory tests and treatments for a wide variety of diseases. In 1984, Milstein and Kohler were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 

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