Kossel, Walther

Kossel, Walther. "Ueber Molekiilbildung als Frage des Atombaus." Ann.Phys. 49 (1916) 229362. 

Kolbe, Adolph Wilhelm Hermann, 168, 196 Kossel, Walther, 74 Kroto, Harold, 96... 

Ionic bonding was proposed by the German physicist Walther Kossel in 1916 in or der to explain the ability of substances such as molten sodium chloride to conduct an electric current He was the son of Albrecht Kossel winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in physiology or medi cine for early studies in nu cleic acids... 

Walther Kossel, "Ueber Molekulbildung als Frage des Atombaus," Ann.Phys. 49 (1916) 229362, discussed in Russell, A History of Valency, 273 and Charles Brunold, Leprobleme de I affinite, 5980. Also, Stranges, Electrons and Valence, 227229. 

By then X-ray experiments allowed scientists to determine the charges of atomic nuclei and, because atoms were electrically neutral, find out the number of electrons in an atom of any element. For example, if the charge on a nucleus was +27, there had to be 27 electrons in the atom to balance that out. In 1916 the German physicist Walther Kossel had speculated that electrons in atoms arranged themselves into concentric shells. For example, argon, which had 18 electrons, had 2 in the innermost shell, 8 in a second shall that surrounded it, and 8 more in a third. But Kossel could not explain why this should be, and he considered no atoms with more than 27 electrons. 

The terrace-ledge-kink (TLK) model (Kossel, 1927 Stranski, 1928) is commonly used to describe equilibrium solid surfaces. This model was proposed by the German physicist Walther Kossel (1888-1956), who had contributed to the theory of ionic bonding earlier in the century, and by the Bulgarian physical chemist Iwan Nichola Stranski (1897-1979). It categorizes ideal surfaces or... 

Walther Kossel First calculation of energy of a complex by electrostatic model... 

If you look at the classic paper by Walther Kossel on electronic theory of valence, what you see is a remarkable foresight he lists the ionization... 

In 1916 two kinds of chemical bond were described the ionic bondhy Walther Kossel (in Germany) and the covalent bond by G. N. Lewis (of the University of... 

FIGURE 317. Walther Kossel s theory in which atoms adopt the valence shell of the nearest inert gas by loss or gain of electrons (from Born, see Figure 309). 

Lewis no doubt derived some of his ideas from Parson, but then ideas are rarely conceived in a vacuum. A month before Lewis s publication, Walther Kossel of Germany had published a paper that assumed that atoms gained or lost electrons to achieve the same number of electrons as a noble gas atom, but this work was unknown to Lewis while he was preparing his manuscript. And in Lewis s hands the theory did more than explain ions or ionic bond formation. It became a strong rationalization for the nonpolar bond. 

In his 1916 paper Lewis stated clearly that bonding in polar compounds occurred as a result of electron transfer, which yielded oppositely charged ions with complete cubes of electrons. In the same year, Walther Kossel (1888-1956), in... 

Invited by Walther Kossel, in 1941 Ivan Stranski left Bulgaria for Germany and worked firstly at the University of Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) and then at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fiir Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie in Berlin-Dahlem (now Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaff). In 1945 Stranski was elected director of the Institute of Physical Chemistry at the Technische Hochschule (now Technische Universitdt) of Berlin and was a rector and a vice rector of this University during the period 1951-1953. In 1953 he joined the Freie Universitdt of Berlin and worked there till 1963, and in 1954 he became also a deputy director of the Fritz-Haber-Institut. 

Certainly, the most important contribution of Ivan Stranski to the modem theory of nucleation and crystal growth phenomena is the definition of the concept halfcrystal position. The concept was defined simultaneously and independently by Walther Kossel [7] and Ivan Stranski [8, 9] (Fig. 13.2.5) in 1927, and the reader may find more information on this unique coincidence of bright scientific ideas in [10]. 

Fig. 13.2.5 Walther Kossel and Ivan Stranski, Germany, the 1950s...

From this series of discoveries the modem picture of the stmcture of the atom emerged, and during the first half of the twentieth century, chemists like Walther Kossel (1888-1956), Irving Langmuir (1881-1957) [16], G. N. Lewis (1875-1946) and Linus Pauling (1901-1994) developed our present understanding of the nature of the chemical bond. 

Almost simultaneously, in 1916, Walther Kossel and G. N. Lewis published their ideas on atomic combination. Kossel was mainly concerned with ionic bonding [19] ... 

Borrmann was already quite familiar with the Dahlem research institutes. He worked under Laue at the KWI for Physics in 1935 while a student of Walther Kos-sel, and he moved to Hechingen in 1943 along with the rest of the institute. There he remained true to the line of research he had begun under Kossel in Danzig, the most important result of which was the identification of the Borrmann effect demonstrated in 1941. The Bormann effect refers to the anomalously low absorption of X-rays by ideal crystals when the X-rays strike the ciystals at angles that... 

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