Toxicity nitroglycerine

Detonating velocity Similar to nitroglycerine Toxicity Moderate... 

Detonating velocity Similar to nitroglycerine Toxicity High (causes headaches—less mild then nitroglycerine)... 

During the industrial manufacture of nitroglycerin toxic manifestations due to this compound, particularly strong... 

Whilst carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are the toxic products of explosives, other constituents of the fume cause a characteristic smell. As the nitroglycerine content of explosives is reduced, this smell tends to become rather unpleasant. Subjective tests must be used for its estimation. 

Chemicals degraded by WRF include pesticides such as organochlorines DDT and its very toxic metabolite DDE [8, 9] and organophosphate pesticides such as chlorpyrifos, fonofos and terbufos [10] polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of different degrees of chlorine substitution [11-13], some even to mineralization [14, 15] diverse polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in liquid media and from contaminated soils or in complex mixtures such as creosote [16-18] components of munition wastes including TNT and its metabolites DNT [19-23], nitroglycerin [24] and RDX [25]. 

As noted under Mechanisms of Toxicity (Section 4.2), nitrate and nitrite esters are vasodilators with resulting hypotension (Nickerson 1975). Therapeutic doses of nitroglycerin for relief of angina are associated with headaches of vascular origin. Both PGDN and the structurally related ethylene glycol dinitrate produce headaches in humans and methemoglobinemia and hypotension in rats (Andersen and Mehl 1979). 

Several CDs applications have been discussed in Chapter 6. Their lack of toxicity forms the basis for their applications in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and food industries as well as in toiletry and cosmetics [lb, lc]. They are also used or have been proposed to be applied, as sensitizers and stabilizers of dyes in photography, for impregnating paper, as fluorescent and other sensors [28], as corrosion inhibitors and rust proofing materials, UV stabilizers and antioxidants. One of the most spectacular is the prospective use of CDs as biodegradable plastics [29]. The complex of nitroglycerine with p-CDmarketed in Japan was mentioned in Chapter 1 while some other CDs applications have been presented in Chapter 6. 

Nitroglycerine is toxic to handle, causes headaches, and yields toxic products on detonation. It is insoluble in water but readily dissolves in most organic solvents and in a large number of aromatic nitro compounds, and forms a gel with nitrocellulose. The acid-free product is very stable, but exceedingly sensitive to impact. Some of the properties of nitroglycerine are presented in Table 2.7. 

The impetus for the study of the vapor pressure of expls has been provided in the past by considerations of health and safety. For example, TNT vapors are toxic, while those of Nitroglycerin (NG) and Ethyleneglycoldinitrate (EGDN) produce severe headache. Consequently, to protect workers in manufacturing plants and... 

Nitroglycerine is a highly toxic substance. Its effect consists in dilating the blood vessels and thereby lowering the blood pressure. 

Dinitrodiglycol is as toxic as nitroglycerine. It explodes at a temperature of 200°C developing a relatively small heat of detonation that amounts to 1070 kcal/kg. Advantage is taken of this property in the manufacture of flashless and non-errosive low calorific smokeless ( double base ) powder. 

The action of PETN on the human system is the same as that produced by all other nitric esters. Nevertheless inhalation of PETN is not dangerous, as its vapour pressure is negligible. Similarly, breathing small amounts of penthrite m the form of dust causes no deleterious effect owing to its low solubility. Lazarev [23] reports the toxicity of pentaerythritol tetranitrate to be lower than that of nitroglycerine. 

Almost without exception the nitro compounds and nitric acid esters used as explosives are toxic. The degree of toxicity varies widely with the material in question, but most are capable of causing acute distress if taken orally. Nitroglycerin has a small medical use as a vasodilator. 

Glycerol dinitrate is a viscous liquid, but is more volatile and more soluble in water than nitroglycerine. It is hygroscopic and may be used as a gelatinizer of certain types of nitrocelluloses. It is more stable than glycerol trinitrate. Its vapors are toxic and cause headaches. 

Since the introduction of nitroglycerine as an explosive by Alfred Nobel in 1867 in the form of Dynamite, large advances have been made in the performance and reduction of sensitivities of highly energetic materials (Fig. 12.1). However, most of the formulations currently used are over 50 years old and do not fulfill all of today s requirements, in particular with regard to their performance, collateral damage, insensitivity, toxicity, compatibility with the environment and use in special operations. 

DIANP is a colorless liquid, which is soluble in acetone, methanol, dimethylformamide, DMSO, ethyl acetate, and benzene. It is not very soluble in water, ethanol, or butanol. DIANP is used in gun propellants and rocket propellants to reduce flame temperatures, toxic combustion products, smoke, and to increase performance without sacrificing bum rate. DIANP is an excellent substitute for nitroglycerine for gun propellants and rocket propellants. ... 

A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or by spontaneous chemical reaction. A severe explosion hazard when shocked or exposed to O3, heat, or flame. Nitroglycerin is a powerful explosive, very sensitive to mechanical shock, heat, or UV radiation. Small quantities of it can readily be detonated by a hammer blow on a hard surface, particularly when it has been absorbed in filter paper. It explodes when heated to 215°C. Frozen nitroglycerin is somewhat less sensitive than the liquid. However, a half-thawed or partially thawed mixture is more sensitive than either one. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. 

SAFETY PROFILE Human systemic effects by ingestion dermatitis. Effects are similar to those of nitroglycerin, i.e., headache, weakness, and fall in blood pressure. Very low oral toxicity. Severe explosion hazard when shocked or exposed to heat. It explodes at 215°C. On decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NO can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Used in detonators and explosive specialities. See also NITRATES and EXPLOSIVES, HIGH. 

Kaplan JA, Finlayson DC, Woodward S. Vasodilator therapy after cardiac surgery a review of the efficacy and toxicity of nitroglycerin and nitroprusside. Can Anaesth Soc J 1980 27(3) 254-9. 

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