Nitroglycerine density

AN, ammonium nitrate DMNB, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane 2,4-DNT EGDN, ethylene glycol dinitrate HMX, C4H8N8O8 NG, nitroglycerin NM PETN, pentaerythritol tetranitrate RDX, C3H6N6O6 TATP, triacetone triperoxide TNT, trinitrotoluene UN, urea nitrate TMD, theoretical maximum density. 

The water content is varied to control the detonation velocity. For example a solution containing N2H5N03 70%, N2H4 7% and NH3 14% has a density of 1.31, detonation rate 8100 m/sec, fp -8°F and a viscosity of 12 cp. Variable amounts of perchlorates give impact sensitivities of 45-85 Kg/cm (nitroglycerin =... 

Explosive Compositions, Brisont (of High Density). The following expl compns con eg solid TNT and liquid nitric esters are described. Nitroglycerin 15—20, soluble Nitrocellulose 0—7.5, Kieselguhr 0—5, stabilizer 0-2.5, TNT 85-70%. The TNT is in the form of crushed flakes Ref J. Taylor and S.H. Davidson, BritP 578371 (1946) CA 41, 1842 (1947)... 

It is a very powerful explosive (the rate of detonation at a density of 0.80 in a cartridge 10 mm dia. is 4060 m/sec, and the lead block expansion is 390 cm3) but it is not sufficiently stable since its ignition temperature is only slightly above its melting point. It is also very sensitive to impact—like nitroglycerine. 

Plastrotyl and Territ were rather difficult to detonate chiefly due to their great. density. To make these mixtures detonate more readily, nitroglycerine was added but this increased their sensitiveness to impact. 

The transmission of detonation in a confined space (in a tube or shothole) is higher than in the open air. E.g. an ammonium nitrate explosive with 4% nitroglycerine which ordinarily has a transmission value of 10-15 cm, in a mortar gives the value 19-23 cm, according to T. Urbanski [70]. This author studied change of transmission as a function of density. The results for ammonium nitrate explosives are given in the diagram in Fig. 144. 

Type I—dynamites and rock explosives. The chief ingredients of the latter are ammonium nitrate, nitroglycerine and TNT. Their rate of detonation at a density of 1.1 is about 3800m/sec, their transmission distance 6 cm. 

IH. Nitroglycerine semi-gelatinous explosives. The nitroglycerine content is ca. 15%, and density ca. 1.1. They are used for dealing, with fairly hard coal. They... 

IV. Nitroglycerine powders. They contain ca. 10% nitroglycerine which is not gelatinized. The density is ca. 1.0. A typical example is Polar Viking. Its sheathed Eq. S. Explosive is Unifrax. 

V. Nitroglycerine low-density powder. This is a modification of Group IV. Low density (ca. 0.7) is obtained by incorporating vegetable fibre or peat. A low density form of ammonium nitrate and sodium chloride may also be used. A 1 Roun-kol is an example of an explosive of this group. Sheathed Rounkol has been replaced by Unikol. They are used for soft coal, for maximum lump production. Their water resistance is the same as that of Group IV. 

Low density Ammonit No. 14 is a relatively new explosive — it was first tested in 1954. It contains low density ammonium nitrate and 7% nitroglycerine. Its properties are ... 

Diagrams (Fig. 184) show the effect of the density of loading of nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose powder upon the amount of C02, CO, H2 and CH4 evolved (according to Andrew Noble [19]) in the explosion products. 

On suitable initiation of a homogeneous liquid explosive, such as liquid nitroglycerine, the pressure, temperature, and density will all increase to form a detonation wave front. This will take place within a time interval of the order of magnitude of 10 12 s. Exothermic chemical reactions for the decomposition of liquid nitroglycerine will take place in the shockwave front. The shockwave will have an approximate thickness of 0.2 mm. Towards the end of the shockwave front the pressure will be about 220 kbar, the temperature will be above 3000 °C and the density of liquid nitroglycerine will be 30% higher than its original value. 

The action of concentrated sulphuric acid and the formation of mixed sulphuric-nitric esters, as well as the action of nitric add and mixtures of nitric—sulphuric acid and water and of hydrochloric acid have been discussed above. Concentrated hydriodic acid of 1.5 density decomposes nitroglycerine to glycerol and nitric oxides. 

Rate of detonation. The rate of explosion of a liquid explosive may vary within wide limits. Thus, according to numerous experiments it has been established that for liquid nitroglycerine the order of the explosion rate is 1000-8000 m/sec. The detonation rate of solid nitroglycerine, on the other side, does not vary in this way. It amounts 8000 m/sec at the maximum density of loading. 

Dinitrodiglycol exists in two crystalline forms—a stable form melting at a temperature of +2°C and a labile one whose melting point is —10.9°C (thus resembling nitroglycerine). At 20°C it is an oily liquid of density 1.385 g/cm3, boiling and simultaneously decomposing at 160°C. Its refractive index is 1.4517 (at 20°C). 

Abbreviations and notes EqS - Equivalent in safety to sheathed expls NG - Nitroglycerine NGc such as woodmeal, wheat flour, oat husk meal or plant fibers Other ingredients, such as AW (Acid Barytes, Resin or AS No 2( ) d - density of unsheathed cartridges Strength as % of BG (Blasting cartridge suspended in 9% methane/air... 

Mononitroglycerin is a by-product in the preparation of dinitroglycerin and is separated from the latter substance by its greater solubility in water. It is usually obtained as a colorless oil, density 1.417 at 15°, more viscous than dinitroglycerin and less viscous than nitroglycerin. This oil is a mixture of the two isomers which are crystalline when separate but show little tendency to crystallize when they are mixed. a-Mononitroglycerin when pure consists of colorless prisms, m.p. 58-59°, specific gravity 1.53 at 15° it yields both of the dinitrates on nitration. The -compound crystallizes in dendrites and leaflets, m.p. 54°, and is more readily soluble in ether than the a-compound it yields only the a,/ -dinitrate on nitration. Both isomers boil at 155-160° at 15 mm. 

Clark reports that pentryl has an Absolute density of 1.82 and an apparent density of only 0.45. When compressed in a detonator shell at a pressure of 3400 pounds Wr square inch, it has an apparent density of 0.74. It is soluble to some extent in most of the common organic solvents, and is very readily soluble in nitroglycerin. In the drop test with a 2-kilogram weight, 0.02 gram of pentryl was exploded by a drop of 30 cm., a similar sample of... 

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