Nitrogen eutrophication

While many industrial wastes are so low in nitrogen and phosphorus that these must be added if biologically based treatment is to be used, others contain very high levels ofthese nutrients. For example, paint-production wastes are high in nitrogen, and detergent production wastes are high in phosphorus. Treatment for removal of these nutrients is required in areas where eutrophication is a problem. 

Tim Beardsley. Death in the Deep. Scientific American. 277 (Nov. 1997) 17-20. Source for nitrogen-caused eutrophication and runoff pollution. 

Schachtman DP, Reid RJ, Ayling SM (1998) Phosphorus uptake by plants from soil to cell. Plant Physiol 116 447-453. doi http //www.plantphysiol.org Schindler DW (1974) Eutrophication and recovery in experimental lakes implications for lake management. Science 184 897-899. doi http //www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/184/4139/897 Schindler DW, Hecky RE, Findlay DL, Stainton MP, Parker BR, Paterson MJ, Beaty KG, Lyng M, Kasian SEM (2008) Eutrophication of lakes cannot be controlled by reducing nitrogen input results of a 37-year whole-ecosystem experiment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 11254-11258. doi http //www.pnas.org/content/105/32/l 1254.abstract Scott JT, Condron LM (2003) Dynamics and availability of phosphorus in the rhizosphere of a temperate silvopastoral system. Biol Fert Soils 39 65-73 Shane MW, Lambers H (2005) Cluster roots a curiosity in context. Plant Soil 274 101-125. doi http //dx.doi.org/10.1007/s 11104-004-2725-7... 

Excess nitrogen deposition contributes not only to acidification, but can also lead to the eutrophication of soils and surface waters. 

If only one pollutant contributes to an effect, e.g., nitrogen to eutrophication or sulfur to acidification, a unique critical load (CL) can be calculated and compared with deposition (Dep). The difference is termed the exceedance of the critical loads Ex = Dep— CL. 

The excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as heavy metals migrate with water fluxes and enter into surface waters. This is accompanied by eutrophication of surface water bodies. 

The calculated values of critical loads for acid forming species of sulfur, and eutrophication and acid forming species of nitrogen, as well as species of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) characterize the sustainability of natural ecosystems surrounding the main... 

In accordance with the production plans (Odisharia et al 1994), the increase of emission rate for nitrogen oxides (NO ) in the area of Bovanenkovo gas exploration in Yamal peninsula will be during 2000-2015 (Figure 7). Emission of sulfur oxide will be practically permanent and will amount to about 470,000 tons per year. These data indicate also the growth of deposition rate for acid forming and eutrophication compounds in comparison with the present period (Table 1). 

For non-metallic constituents, several systems exist especially for nutrients monitoring, considering their importance in the eutrophication phenomenon. The on-line measurement of some nitrogen compounds (nitrate and ammo-... 

The European Commission has adopted a Proposal for a Directive on national emissions ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants and a Proposal for a Directive relating to ozone in ambient air. The national emissions ceilings Directive will set individual limits for each Member State s total emissions in 2010 of the four pollutants responsible for acidification, eutrophication and ozone formation in the lower atmosphere sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, VOCs and ammonia. The EU Solvents Directive has been formally adopted by the Commission. 

The ultimate sources of nitrogen and phosphorus causing cultural eutrophication are industrial N2 fixation, fossil-fuel burning, and the mining of phosphorite. The nitrogen and phosphorus used as fertilizer have three possible 6tes they either enter the food chain, become part of the soil, or are washed off the land by stormwater runoff The nutrients that enter the food chain eventually end up as either animal wastes or dead biomass. Animal wastes include human sewage, livestock manure, and pet feces. Sanitary... 

Nitrite reductases (NiRs)—enzymes found in several strains of denitrifying bacteria— catalyze the one-electron reduction of nitrite anion to nitric oxide (Equation 1). - In addition to the importance of this process in the global nitrogen cycle (Figure 1), further incentive for the study of the denitrification process is provided by its environmental impact, ranging from the production of NO as a pollutant and NjO as a potent greenhouse gas, to lake eutrophication due to farm runoff that contains high concentrations of nitrates and nitrites. 

---