Nitrogen Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique

Specific surface area measurements were made using a Micromeritics TriStar 3000 surface area and porosity analyser using the nitrogen Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) technique. 

Measurement of Surface Area. The Teachability determined by these methods is usually reported as g/cm day. The total surface area of particulate material can be assessed 1) by assuming a particle shape e.g.spherical) and estimating the number of particles, or 2) by measurements using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption technique ( ). Unfortunately, the BET method measures the area of surfaces to which nitrogen has access this is not necessarily the same as the area to which a solution has access. Access by solutions requires much larger pore areas. 

The most common method used for the determination of surface area and pore size distribution is physical gas adsorption (also see 1.4.1). Nitrogen, krypton, and argon are some of the typically used adsorptives. The amount of gas adsorbed is generally determined by a volumetric technique. A gravimetric technique may be used if changes in the mass of the adsorbent itself need to be measured at the same time. The nature of the adsorption process and the shape of the equilibrium adsorption isotherm depend on the nature of the solid and its internal structure. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method is generally used for the analysis of the surface area based on monolayer coverage, and the Kelvin equation is used for calculation of pore size distribution. 

Colloid chemists commonly measure surface area by the adsorption of N2 gas. The adsorption is conducted in vacuum and at temperatures near the boiling point of liquid nitrogen (—196° C). The approach is based on the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) adsorption equation, and has been adapted to a commercially available instrument. Unfortunately, the technique does not give reliable values for expansible soil colloids such as vermiculite or montmorillonite. Nonpolar N2 molecules penetrate little of the interlayer regions between adjacent mineral platelets of expansible layer silicates where 80 to 90% of the total surface area is located. Several workers have used a similar approach with polar H2O vapor and have reported complete saturation of both internal (interlayer) and external surfaces. The approach, however, has not been popular as an experimental technique. 

Of all existing GC techniques for determining the specific area of a solid, the heat desorption method is the one most often used. This method was developed by Nelson and Eggertsen and modified by a number of workers. In principle, the heat desorption method is based on the traditional Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) technique in which the quantity of adsorbed gas (usually nitrogen) at a temperature near its boiling point is determined. By determining the adsorption at various pressures, it is possible, using the BET equation, to calculate the amount of adsorbate required for the formation of a monolayer. 

The BET Brunauer, Emmett, Teller) (26-28) method of-calculating speciiic surface area from an adsorption isotherm has been mainly applied to nitrogen as the adsorbate at -196 C, Innes (29) developed a rapid automatic technique for measuring the isotherm. Lippens and Hermans described suitable apparatus in detail (30, 31). Also, commercial equipment has been developed using the static equilibrium method, which does not require calibration and gives surface area by automatic digital readout (e.g., Micromeritics, Inc.). 

The gas adsorption-desorption technique relates to the adsorption of nitrogen (or, less commonly, carbon dioxide, argon, xenon, and krypton), at cryogenic temperatures, via adsorption and capillary condensation from the gas phase, with subsequent desorption occurring after complete pore filling. An adsorption-desorption isotherm is constructed based upon the relationship between the pressure of the adsorbate gas and the volume of gas adsorbed/desorbed. Computational analysis of the isotherms based on the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) (Brunauer et al. 1938) and/or BJH (Barrett-Joyner-Halenda) (Barrett et al. 1951) methods, underpinned by the classical Kelvin equation, facilitates the calculation of surface area, pore volume, average pore size, and pore size distribution. 

Another technique commonly used to measure the powder surface area and the pore size is the physical gas adsorption technique based on the well-known BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method on monolayer coverage of adsorptives such as nitrogen, krypton, and argon. The application is very well established, and detailed discussions are available in Allen (1975). 

The calcium and phosphorus content in the synthesized HA powder were determined by using the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) technique. The specific surface area of the powder was measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. Nitrogen gas adsorption analysis was performed on a Coulter SA 3100 Analyzer. Samples were outgassed at 150°C for... 

It is important to realize that useful zeolites have large internal surfaces, that is, a reminder of the sponge analogy, and it is these surfaces that control their observable surface properties. Normally, surface areas of inorganic materials are quantified by standard gas sorption techniques, for example, N2 uptake analyzed by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) isotherm plots, and zeolites have nitrogen surface areas in the approximate region 100-1000m g. These estimates should be considered with caution because ... 

The total surface area or specific surface area (area/unit weight) is determined by the nitrogen absorption method known as the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) absorption isotherm of an inert gas. The principle of this technique is based on the monolayer adsorption of nitrogen at low temperature, which has a fixed spherical volume. Thus, the amount of nitrogen adsorbed is proportional to the total surface area of the sample. 

Methods for micro-measurement of surface areas include the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method (2), which relies on the adsorption of monolayers of gas, commonly nitrogen or argon, the adsorption of organic molecules such as ethylene glycol and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) (10). and the use of infrared internal reflectance spectroscopy (11) which characterizes bonding of sorbed water. These last two techniques have been confined principally to surface areas of clay minerals. 

An important parameter of bulk powders is the specific surface area S, expressed per unit weight. The specific surface area measurement includes the cracks, crevices, nooks, and crannies present in the particles. To include these features in the surface-area measurement, methods have been developed to probe these convoluted surfaces through adsorption by either a gas or a liquid [95-97]. The most widely used surface area measurement technique is the absorption of a monolayer of gas, typically krypton or nitrogen as the adsorbate gas in helium as an inert diluent, using the method developed by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller [98], known as the BET method. This method utilizes the BET equation... 

As a material, carbon blacks are available with primary particle sizes between 15 nm and 450 nm. Surface area is usually used for characterisation. Surface area measurements may be made using nitrogen BET [46] (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) surface area or by iodine adsorption. A technique is also used based on cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), which more directly relates to rubber reinforcement. 

Nitrogen adsorption at low temperature is a routine characterization technique of nanoporous materials. For instance, the specific surface of porous materials is usually assessed from adsorption experiments (prior to capillary condensation of the fluid) on the basis of the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) method. The BET model corresponding to the N2 adsorption isotherm at 77 K in the atomistic model of MCM-41 materials fits very well the simulated data with a correlation coefficient = 0.999 (see [39] for the comparison). We found Sbet 1000 m /g (the latter value is obtained by considering as the surface area occupied by an adsorbed N2 molecule, A 2 = 0.162 nm ) and C = 100. The value obtained for C... 

BET test method Named for the developers (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller), a technique that uses nitrogen adsorption isotherms to determine the surface area of porous materials. Pore volume and pore size distribution can also be derived from these test results. 

---