Powder surface area

The method to be described determines the pore size distribution in a porous material or compacted powder surface areas may be inferred from the results. 

Lowell, S., and Shields, J. E. (1991). Powder Surface Area and Porosity, 3rd Ed. Chapman Hall, London. 

Metallic powders are made several different ways. They can be prepared by reducing salts in a stream of a reducing gas, such as hydrogen chlorides of metals are commonly used but oxides are used too. Thermal decomposition in a vacuum of metal carbonyls or metal salts of organic acids, such as formates, produces metal powders. Surface areas of such powders are around 1.5 m2/g. Powders can also be made from electrolytic reduction of salts in organic solvents and by atomization of the metal. 

S. Lowell and J. E. Shields, Powder Surface Area and Porosity, 2nd ed., Chapman and Hall, London and New York, 1984. 

S. Lowell, in Introduction to Powder Surface Area, J. Wiley Sons, New York, 1979. 

Particle-Size Analysis Methods for particle-size analysis are shown in Fig. 17-34, and examples of size-analysis methods are given in Table 17-1. More detailed information may be found in Lapple, Chem. Eng., 75( 11), 140 (1968) Lapple, Particle-Size Analysis, in Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982 Cadle, The Measurement of Airborne Particles, Wiley, New York, 1975 Lowell, Introduction to Powder Surface Area, 2d ed., Wiley, New York, 1993 and Allen, Particle Size Measurement, 4th ed, Chapman and Hall, London, 1990. Particle-size distribution may be presented on either a frequency or a cumulative basis the various methods are discussed in... 

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