Nitro explosives nitrocellulose

Nitric acid Nitric acid Nitro starch Nitro starch Nitrocellulose Mitrated cornstarch Improvised explosive mixture Nitrated cellulose, Gun cotton, CeUulosetrinitrate... 

Gelatin explosive Nitro-glycol, Nitrocellulose, Potassium nitrate. Hour... 

Figure 45. Marius Marqueyrol, Inspecteur-General des Poudres, France. 1919. Author of many researches on aromatic nitro compounds, nitrocellulose, smokeless powder, stabilizers and stability, chlorate explosives, etc.—published for the most part in the Memorial des poudres and in the Bulletin de la societe chimique de France.

When the nonvolatile liquid explosives are heated, they do not evaporate, but decompose before the temperature reaches the boiling point. The reaction in the liquid takes a very important part such as in nitro compounds, nitra-amine explosives, nitrocellulose gunpowders, nitroglycerine gunpowders, etc. 

In fact right at the onset in 1987 we had contracted a scientifically run dog school to train dogs for us that would discriminate between the various common explosives. After two years of trying they could only show the dogs were able to separate the nitro esters like PETN (pentzerythritoltetranitrate) and nitrocellulose on the one hand and organic nitro compounds like RDX and TNT on the other hand, but not between compounds inside a group. 

Other explosives, discovered in the nineteenth century, were nitroglycerine, a liquid that is absorbed in a solid to make dynamite, and nitrocellulose, a solid that produces less smoke (smokeless powder). They are made by heating glycerine and cellulose with nitric acid, a process that adds nitro (-NO2) groups. Another important explosive is trinitrotoluene, made by heating (very carefully) toluene in nitric acid,... 

Hemp Nitrate (Nitrohemp) (In French Nitro-chanvre). Nitrohemp resembles cotton nitrocellulose or nitrojute in its properties. It may be prepared by nitrating hemp with mixed nitric-sulfuric acid. Trench (Ref 2) proposed using it as1 a basic ingredient in commercial explosives. Other components were collodion cotton, resin, ozokerite, glycerin etc Ref Daniel (1902), 773... 

Smokeless propellants may be taken as another example of composite explosives. These may be either mixtures of nitrocellulose of differing degrees of nitration, partly in a colloidal and partly in a fibrous state with an admixture of the remaining solvent and a stabilizer or a solution of nitrocelluloses in carbamite (centralite) and nitroglycerine with an admixture of components such as aromatic nitro compounds, nitroguanidine, graphite etc. 

Aromatic nitro compounds are generally stable but are frequently reactive, especially if they contain groups other than nitro groups in the meta position with respect to one another. As a class they constitute the most important of the military high explosives. They are also used as components of smokeless powder, in compound detonators, and in primer compositions. Liquid nitro compounds, and the mixtures which are produced as by-products from the manufacture of pure nitro compounds for military purposes, are used in non-freezing dynamite and other commercial explosives. The polynitro compounds are solvents for nitrocellulose. 

The sensitiveness of ammonium nitrate to initiation is increased by the addition to it of explosive substances, such as nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, or aromatic nitro compounds, or of... 

For some time nitro-solvent-naphtha was a widely used component of explosive compositions. Liquid fractions of the nitrated substance have also been used in the manufacture of mining explosives and even of smokeless powder, as an explosive solvent for nitrocellulose. In the latter case liquid nitro-solvent-naphtha acted as a substitute for part of the nitroglycerine. This type of smokeless powder was also manufactured in Poland in the period between the two World Wars (Karda-szewicz, Markiewicz and Smisniewicz [34]). 

The liquid is widely used when admixed with nitroglycerine for cold weather resistant dynamites and blasting compositions, It can be slurried with nitrocellulose, nitro starch, and other secondary explosives for use in blasting dynamites. EGDN is also... 

DNAN forms colorless crystals with a melting point of 120 Celsius. It is fairly soluble in hot water, hot ethanol, methanol, and acetone. It is less soluble in cold water, cold ethanol, and insoluble in chloroform, benzene, ether, and petroleum ether. DNAN is somewhat hygroscopic, and moisture slowly decomposes it—should be stored in a desiccator. A small sample bums leaving a residue of carbon when ignited—a small sample can be detonated by the blow of a hammer. DNAN can be used in explosive compositions when alloyed with TNT, or other low melting secondary explosives, gun propellants with nitrocellulose, nitro starch, or nitroglycerine, and rocket propellants when mixed with ammonium perchlorate. DNAN also demonstrates usefulness for priming mixtures with lead azide, lead styphnate, or diazodinitrophenol, and for use in fireworks. ... 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by intraperitoneal route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported. A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizers. A severe explosion hazard when shocked or exposed to heat or flame. It is about as powerful as TNT. It is normally mixed with coUoided nitrocellulose or ammonium nitrate and paraffin wax. Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials and the derivatives can be explosive. The mercury and silver salts and other derivatives are much more impact-sensitive. When heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes of NOx. See also NITRO COMPOUNDS. 

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