Nitric oxide cyclic oxides

Chou SM, Wang HS, Taniguchi A. Role of SOD-1 and nitric oxide/cyclic GMP cascade on neurofilament aggregation in ALS/MND. J Neurol Sci 1996 139 suppl 16-26. 

Fedele, E., Varnier, G., Ansaldo, M.A., Raiteri, M. Nicotine administration stimulates the in vivo N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in rat hippocampus through glutamate release. Br. J. Pharmacol. 125 1042, 1998. 

At present, new developments challenge previous ideas concerning the role of nitric oxide in oxidative processes. The capacity of nitric oxide to oxidize substrates by a one-electron transfer mechanism was supported by the suggestion that its reduction potential is positive and relatively high. However, recent determinations based on the combination of quantum mechanical calculations, cyclic voltammetry, and chemical experiments suggest that °(NO/ NO-) = —0.8 0.2 V [56]. This new value of the NO reduction potential apparently denies the possibility for NO to react as a one-electron oxidant with biomolecules. However, it should be noted that such reactions are described in several studies. Thus, Sharpe and Cooper [57] showed that nitric oxide oxidized ferrocytochrome c to ferricytochrome c to form nitroxyl anion. These authors also proposed that the nitroxyl anion formed subsequently reacted with dioxygen, yielding peroxynitrite. If it is true, then Reactions (24) and (25) may represent a new pathway of peroxynitrite formation in mitochondria without the participation of superoxide. 

Southam, E., East, S. J., and Garthwaite, J. (1991). Excitatory amino acid receptors coupled to the nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in rat cerebellum during development. 

Cucarella C, Montoliu C, Hermenegildo C, et al. 1998. Chronic exposure to aluminum impairs neuronal glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway. J Neurochem 70 1609-1614. 

Maura G, Marcoli M, Pepicelli O, Rosu C, Viola C, Raiteri M. Serotonin inhibition of the NMDA receptor/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in human neocortex slices involvement of 5-HT2c and 5-HT1A receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2000 130 1853-1858. 

Durner, J., Wendehenne, D. and Klessig, D.F., 1998, Defense gene induction in tobacco by nitric oxide, cyclic GMP, and cyclic ADP-ribose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 10328-10333. 

Huzoor-Akbar Role of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP signaling mechanisms in increased platelet sensitivity... 

The precise mechanisms that explain protamine-mediated systemic hypotension are unknown, but there is evidence that it may be mediated by the endothelium and dependent on nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate it has been suggested that methylthioninium chloride (methylene blue) may be of use in treating hemodynamic complications caused by the use of protamine after cardiopulmonary bypass (4). 

Nitric Oxide-Cyclic GMP Signaling System N-TERMINUS cGMP A cGMP B CATALYTIC... 

Pinsky, D., Naka, Y., Chowdhury, N., Liao, H., Oz, M., Michler, R., Kubaszewiski, E., Malinski, T., and Stern, D. (1994). The nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in organ transplantation Critical role in successful lung preservation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 12086-12090. 

Murad, F., Forstermann, U., Nakane, M., Pollock, J., Tracey, R., Matsumoto, T., and Buechler, W. (1993). The nitric oxide-cyclic GMP signal transduction system for intracellular and intercellular communication. Adv. Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 28,101-109. 

Marcoli M, Maura G, Tortarolo M, et al. Trazodone is a potent agonist at 5-HT2C receptors mediating inhibition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate/nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathway in rat cerebellum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998 285 983-986. 

De Oliveira, J. E, Teixeira, C. E., Arantes, E. C. et al.. Relaxation of rabbit corpus cavemosum by selective activators of voltage-gated sodium channels role of nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Urology 62, 581, 2003. 

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Guanylyl Cyclase Nitric Oxide Carbon Monoxide... 

Synthesized by soluble guanylyl cyclase and particulate guanylyl cyclase from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Nitric oxide activates soluble guanylyl cyclase to enhance cyclic GMP production that contributes to various NO actions. Cyclic GMP is hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterases. Cyclic GMP binds to and activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphodiesterases, and Cyclic Nucleotide-regulated Cation Channels. 

Guanylyl cyclases (GC) are a family of enzymes (EC 4.6.1.2) that catalyse the formation of the second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP) from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). GCs are subdivided in soluble GCs and GCs that are membrane-bound and linked to a receptor. Activation occurs by nitric oxide (NO) and pqrtide hormones, respectively [1,2]. 

Cyclic GMP is made from GTP by the enzyme gua-nylyl cyclase, which exists in soluble and membrane-bound forms. Each of these isozymes has unique physiologic properties. The atriopeptins, a family of peptides produced in cardiac atrial tissues, cause natriuresis, diuresis, vasodilation, and inhibition of aldosterone secretion. These peptides (eg, atrial natriuretic factor) bind to and activate the membrane-bound form of guanylyl cyclase. This results in an increase of cGMP by as much as 50-fold in some cases, and this is thought to mediate the effects mentioned above. Other evidence links cGMP to vasodilation. A series of compounds, including nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, nitric oxide, sodium nitrite, and sodium azide, all cause smooth muscle re-... 

Dipyridamole exerts its effect by inhibition of platelet phosphodiesterase E5, increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). By inhibiting its uptake and metabolism by erythrocytes, dipyridamole also increases the availability of adenosine within blood vessels, promoting inhibition of platelet aggregation and local vasodilatation. " Dipyridamole may also inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase in platelets, which further increases cAMP levels and may enhance endothelial nitric oxide production, contributing to its antithrombotic effect. Existing trials of dipyridamole in stroke have focused on secondary prevention and will be discussed briefly. 

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