Nitration with other nitrating agents

Besides Fe-, other reducing agents that may be used in conjunction with H2O2 are aliphatic amines, Na2S203 thiourea, ascorbic acid, glyoxal, sulfuric acid, NaHSOs, sodium nitrite, ferric nitrate, peroxidase, AgNOs, tartaric acid, hydroxylamine, ethylene sulfate, sodium phosphite, formic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate, acetic acid, ferrous sulphate, and HNO2, etc,... 

Silver nitrate complexed with ethylenediamine and glucose and other reducing agents have been used to grow silver films by SILAR. After annealing at 300 °C the films showed cubic structure and the I-V curves exhibited linear behavior, whereas the as-grown films showed nonlinear behavior.125... 

Probably the most common fluxes are sodium carbonate (Na2C03), lithium tetraborate (Li2B407), and lithium metaborate (LiB02). Fluxes maybe used by themselves or in combination with other compounds, such as oxidizing agents (nitrates, chlorates, and peroxides). Applications include silicates and silica-based samples and metal oxides. 

Mixtures of metal nitrates with alkyl esters may explode, owing to formation of alkyl nitrates. Mixtures of a nitrate with phosphorus, tin(II) chloride or other reducing agents (i.e. redox combinations) may react explosively. 

The reaction of alkenes with nitrogen oxides and other nitrating agents have been extensively discussed by Olah, Topchiev, and in numerous reviews." ... 

Dinitrogen tetroxide forms a stable complex with boron trifluoride but this is a weak nitrating agent. Aromatic nitrations with other Lewis acids have been reported, including AICI3, FeCls, TiCU, BCI3, PF3, BF3, AsFs and SbFs. i " ... 

Acetic anhydride-nitric acid mixtures are extensively used for chloride-catalyzed nitrations. Other nitrating agents have been used and involve similar sources of electropositive chlorine for intermediate chloramine formation. 4,10-Dinitro-4,10-diaza-2,6,8,12-tetraoxaisowurtzitane (TEX) (40), an insensitive high performance explosive (VOD 8665 m/s, d = 1.99 g/cm ), is synthesized by treating the dihydrochloride salt of the corresponding amine (39) with strong mixed acid. ... 

Acetone cyanohydrin nitrate will not nitrate amines with branching on the carbon a to the nitrate group. For these substrates the use of ethyl nitrate and lithium bases is favoured. a-Aminonitriles are frequently observed as impurities under the reaction conditions because of the slow decomposition of acetone cyanohydrin nitrate to hydrogen cyanide and acetone. The need for an excess of amine during these reactions is wasteful and only practical if this component is cheap and widely available. Other cyanohydrin nitrates are less efficient N-nitrating agents. ... 

The complex formed between dinitrogen pentoxide and boron Uifluoride is a powerful nitrating agent and has been used in organic solvents like carbon tetrachloride, nitromethane and sulfolane for the nitration of deactivated aromatic substrates, including the conversion of benzoic acid to 1,3-dinitrobenzoic acid in 70% yield. Olah and co-workers" studied aromatic nitrations with dinitrogen pentoxide in the presence of other Lewis acids. 

The solids content of propellants ranges between 70 and 90%. The higher limit is dictated by processability. Propellants with less than 70% solids are rare since the specific impulse of such combinations is unduly low. Ammonium perchlorate is the preferred oxidizer and takes the largest percentage in the composition. For special formulations ammonium nitrate or other oxidizing agents may be encountered. Aluminum powder is the most frequently used additive to boost specific impulse and may be found in quantities up to 25%. 

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