Teratogenicity nickel

Mas, A., D. Holt, and M. Webb. 1985. The acute toxicity and teratogenicity of nickel in pregnant rats. Toxicology 35 47-57. 

The water-soluble nickel salts are less teratogenic than the particulate nickel compounds, but also induce prenatal loss. No conclusion can be reached at the present time as to whether the embryonic and foetal toxicity of nickel is, in part, related to mutagenic properties [421],... 

Some variations exist between the susceptibility of mammalian species to the teratogenic action of nickel salts. No detrimental reproductive and developmental effects have been documented in humans [422], Yet exposure to nickel salts must be assumed to constitute a teratogenic risk. 

In addition, nickel chloride has a teratogenic potential in developing chick embryos, with malformations such as exencephaly, everted viscera, short and twisted neck and limbs, microphthalmia, haemorrhage and reduced body size being obtained [428]. 

Lu CC, Matsumoto N, lijimi S. 1979. Teratogenic effects of nickel chloride on embryonic mice and its transfer to embryonic mice. Teratology 19 137-142. 

Sunderman, RW., Jr., S.K. Shen, M.C. Reid, and P.R. Allpass. 1980. Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of nickel carbonyl in Syrian hamsters. Pages 113-116 in S.S. Brown and RW. Sunderman, Jr. (eds.). Nickel Toxicology. Academic Press, NY. 

Nickel causes reductions in the growth and/or photosynthesis of aquatic plants (U.S. EPA, 1980c Wang, 1987). It is also teratogenic to rainbow trout, channel catfish, goldfish (Birge-and Black, 1980), and carp (Blaylock and Frank, 1979). 

Nickel refinery workers experience increased mortality rates from cancer of the lungs and nasal cavities attributed to inhalation of airborne nickel compounds. Cancer develops in rodents after administration of Ni3S2, NiO, and Ni(CO)4. Nickel chloride, sulfate, carbonate, and carbonyl are experimental teratogens. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed human carcinogen. Poison by ingestion, intravenous, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal routes. An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of Cr. See also NICKEL COMPOUNDS. 

SuNDEEMAN FW Je (1999) Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of metals. In Ballantyne B, Marrs T and Syversen T, eds. General and Applied Toxicology, pp. 1203-1213. Macmillan, London. SuNDEEMAN FW Je. (2001a) Nickel. In Sullivan JB and Krieger GR, eds. Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures, pp. 905-905. Williams Wilkins, Baltimore. 

SuNDEEMAN FW Jr Shen SK, Reid MC and Allpass PR (1980) Teratogenicity and embryotoxicity of nickel carbonyl in Syrian hamsters. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 1 223-233. 

SuNDEEMAN FW Jr, Reid MC, Shen SKand Kevorkian CB (1983c) Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of nickel compounds. In Clarkson TW, Nordberg GF and Sager PR, eds. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals, pp. 399-416. Plenum Press, New York. 

Nickel carbonyl at high doses is a potent animal teratogen. Inhalation exposure to nickel carbonyl caused fetal death and decreased weight gain in rats and hamsters and eye malformations in rats. Studies on hamsters, rats, mice, birds, frogs, and other species... 

Some forms of nickel are carcinogenic to humans and animals, but only when exposure is by the respiratory route. Toxic and carcinogenic effects of nickel compounds are associated with nickel-mediated oxidative damage to DNA and proteins and to inhibition of cellular antioxidant defenses. Some nickel compounds are weakly mutagenic in a variety of test systems, but much of the evidence is inconclusive or negative. In mammals, no teratogenic effects of nickel compounds occur... 

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