Nickel origin

The major contribution to ambient nickel originates from the combustion of fossil fuels one of the predominant forms in air is nickel sulphate [263]. In electroplating shops and electro-refining plants, workers are exposed to aerosols of dissolved nickel salts electroplating using nickel sulphate accounts for about 20% of the nickel produced [264]. 

The procedure with a-nitroso fi-napfdhol is as follows4 When it is added to a solution of a cobalt salt acidulated with acetic acid it yields a voluminous precipitate of cobalti-nitroso (l-naphthol. Any nickel originally present remains in solution, a very complete separation of the metals being thereby effected. Indeed, the reaction is so sensitive... 

This preparative method is one having the most general utility. It utilizes in situ reduction of suitable vicinal trans-nzido sulfonates to intermediary amino sulfonates, which undergo base-induced cyclization to epimines. Elevated temperatures are often required to complete the cyclization. The reduction by hydrazine with Raney nickel originally used was later largely replaced by lithium aluminum hydride reduction in tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether. Re-duction by sodium borohydride, hydrogenation over Adams catalyst, and reduction by tributyltin hydride have also been reported on occasion. Reductive cyclization by LiAlH4, which is now the method of choice, proceeds... 

Acetylene-Based Routes. Walter Reppe, the father of modem acetylene chemistry, discovered the reaction of nickel carbonyl with acetylene and water or alcohols to give acryUc acid or esters (75,76). This discovery led to several processes which have been in commercial use. The original Reppe reaction requires a stoichiometric ratio of nickel carbonyl to acetylene. The Rohm and Haas modified or semicatalytic process provides 60—80% of the carbon monoxide from a separate carbon monoxide feed and the remainder from nickel carbonyl (77—78). The reactions for the synthesis of ethyl acrylate are... 

The solvent is 28 CC-olefins recycled from the fractionation section. Effluent from the reactors includes product a-olefins, unreacted ethylene, aluminum alkyls of the same carbon number distribution as the product olefins, and polymer. The effluent is flashed to remove ethylene, filtered to remove polyethylene, and treated to reduce the aluminum alkyls in the stream. In the original plant operation, these aluminum alkyls were not removed, resulting in the formation of paraffins (- 1.4%) when the reactor effluent was treated with caustic to kill the catalyst. In the new plant, however, it is likely that these aluminum alkyls are transalkylated with ethylene by adding a catalyst such as 60 ppm of a nickel compound, eg, nickel octanoate (6). The new plant contains a caustic wash section and the product olefins still contain some paraffins ( 0.5%). After treatment with caustic, cmde olefins are sent to a water wash to remove sodium and aluminum salts. 

Storage. Phenol is shipped in dmms, tank tmcks, and tank cars. It is loaded and shipped at elevated temperatures as a bulk Hquid. In storage, phenol may acquire a yeUow, pink, or brown discoloration which makes it unusable for some purposes. The discoloration is promoted by the action of water, light, air, and catalysts, eg, traces of iron or copper. When stored as a solid in the original dmm or in nickel, glass-lined, or tanks lined with baked phenolic resin, phenol remains colorless for a number of weeks. 

Titanium alloy systems have been extensively studied. A single company evaluated over 3000 compositions in eight years (Rem-Cm sponsored work at BatteUe Memorial Institute). AHoy development has been aimed at elevated-temperature aerospace appHcations, strength for stmctural appHcations, biocompatibiHty, and corrosion resistance. The original effort has been in aerospace appHcations to replace nickel- and cobalt-base alloys in the 250—600°C range. The useful strength and corrosion-resistance temperature limit is ca 550°C. 

To complete the assembly of a cell, the interleaved electrode groups are bolted to a cov er and the cover is sealed to a container. Originally, nickel-plated steel was the predominant material for cell containers but, more recently plastic containers have been used for a considerable proportion of pocket nickel-cadmium cells. Polyethylene, high impact polystyrene, and a copolymer of propylene and ethylene have been the most widely used plastics. 

In the original process for the positive electrode, the plaques were placed in a metal vessel, which was evacuated to <5.3 kPa (40 mm Hg), and a nearly saturated solution of nickel nitrate (density 1.6 g/mL) admitted. After a 5—15 min soaking period, the plaques were transferred at 101 kPa (1 atm) to a polarizing unit where they were cathodicaHy polarized in hot caustic solution. After polarization the plates were washed and dried. These four steps were repeated four or five times until the desired weight gain of active material was achieved. 

The appHcations of supported metal sulfides are unique with respect to catalyst deactivation phenomena. The catalysts used for processing of petroleum residua accumulate massive amounts of deposits consisting of sulfides formed from the organometaHic constituents of the oil, principally nickel and vanadium (102). These, with coke, cover the catalyst surface and plug the pores. The catalysts are unusual in that they can function with masses of these deposits that are sometimes even more than the mass of the original fresh catalyst. Mass transport is important, as the deposits are typically formed... 

Most ring syntheses of this type are of modern origin. The cobalt or rhodium carbonyl catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of unsaturated alcohols, amines or amides provides access to tetrahydrofuranones, pyrrolidones or succinimides, although appreciable amounts of the corresponding six-membered heterocycle may also be formed (Scheme 55a) (73JOM(47)28l). Hydrocarboxylation of 4-pentyn-2-ol with nickel carbonyl yields 3-methylenetetrahy-drofuranone (Scheme 55b). Carbonylation of Schiff bases yields 2-arylphthalimidines (Scheme 55c). The hydroformylation of o-nitrostyrene, subsequent reduction of the nitro group and cyclization leads to the formation of skatole (Scheme 55d) (81CC82). 

Shafts are made of material ranging from medium carbon to low alloy steel and are usually heat treated. Shafts were originally made of forgings for the compressors in process service. But because of the availability ot high quality material, hot rolled bar stock has been used for shafts up to S inches in diameter. Bar stock shafts are given the same heat treatment and quality control as forgings. Many of the process users prefer a low alloy, chrome-moly-nickel material for shafting, particularly for compressors in critical service. 

Although not so generally applicable for the preparation of dicyclopentadienyl metal compounds as the sodium cyclopenta-dienide method, the amine procedure represents the simplest preparation of ferrocene. The amine procedure can also be employed for dicyclopentadienylnickel (about 80% yield), using nickel bromide obtained by the action of bromine on nickel metal powder and 1,2-dimethoxyethane as the solvent. The method of preparation given here is a modified version of that originally described. ... 

---