Nickel corrosion resistant alloys

It is extensively used for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Invar(R), Monel(R), Inconel(R), and the Hastelloys(R). Tubing made of copper-nickel alloy is extensively used in making desalination plants for converting sea water into fresh water. 

Design of Chemical Plant in Wiggin Nickel Alloys, and Wiggin Corrosion Resisting Alloys, Henry Wiggin Co. Ltd. 

Various newer and more corrosion-resistant alloys are now available for use, including low nickel alloys, such as Inconel 800 (35% Ni, 20% Cr, 45% Fe). Low nickel alloys, in particular those with with less than 0.03% cobalt, are required to limit the development of a cobalt-induced, outer-core radiation field within the SG. 

Hydrogen sulfide promoted corrosion can be a serious problem (150) the best solution is prevention. Corrosion problems can be minimized by choice of the proper grades of steel or corrosion resistant alloys, usually containing chromium or nickel (150, 151) and avoiding generation of H S by sulfate reducing bacteria in situations where H S is not initially present. Cathodic protection of casing is often effective for wells less than 10,000 feet deep (150). 

Uses/Sources. Corrosion-resistant alloys, electroplating, production of catalysts, nickel-cadmium batteries nickel subsulfide (NisS2) is encountered in the smelting and refining of certain nickel ores and may be formed in petroleum refining from the use of nickel catalysts. 

Although the nickel-containing systems have been extensively studied also by electrochemical methods [1] due to their practical importance, for example, in electrochemical power sources (Ni—Fe, Ni—Cd, Fi—NiF2 batteries), in corrosion-resistant alloys (tableware, coins, industrial instruments) as well as due to their interesting (magnetic, spectral, catalytic) properties most of the standard potentials of electrode... 

Beryllium Beryllium was first detected in 1798 in the gemstones beryl and emerald (BesA SigOis) and was subsequently prepared in pure form in 1828 by the reduction of BeCl2 with potassium. It is obtained today from large commercial deposits of beryl in Brazil and southern Africa. Though beryllium compounds are extremely toxic, particularly when inhaled as dust, the metal is nevertheless useful in forming alloys. Addition of a few percent beryllium to copper or nickel results in hard, corrosion-resistant alloys that are used in airplane engines and precision instruments. 

Disc and nozzle High corrosion-resistant alloy of chromium-nickel or nickel-chromium Ferritic steels not acceptable... 

Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-based Alloys. Nickel-based alloys are solid solutions based on nickel. Nickel-based alloys used for low-temperature aqueous or condensed systems are generally known as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRA), and nickel alloys used for high-temperature applications are known as heat-resistant alloys (HRA), high-temperature alloys (HTA), or superalloys. The corrosion performance could change due to the presence of second phase or a weld seam. (Rebak)5... 

Treseder, R.S., Kachick, E.A., MTI Corrosion Tests for Iron and Nickel-Base Corrosion Resistant Alloys, in Laboratory Corrosion Tests and Standards, STP 866, ASTM, pp. 373-399, 1985. 

Incoloy [Inco], TM for a series of corrosion-resistant alloys of nickel, iron, and chromium. 

In alloy steels, iron is mixed with carbon and varying amounts of other elements, mainly metals. Added metals produce desired properties such as hardness and corrosion resistance (Cr), resistance to wear (Mn), toughness (Ni), heat resistance (W and Mo), and springiness (V). Stainless steel is a well-known, corrosion-resistant alloy steel. It contains ten to 30 percent chromium and sometimes nickel and/or silicon. Because of its outstanding magnetic properties, Alnico steel is used to make permanent magnets. Alnico magnets are used in voltmeters and ammeters to rotate the cod of wire connected to the pointer. 

For applications requiring corrosion-resistant alloys, either low-carbon or stabilized stainless steels such as Type 321 SS are normally selected. Sensitization-induced polythionic acid corrosion is a concern in such applications. High-nickel alloys and copper-based alloys often corrode rapidly in the presence of high-temperature sulfur compounds. 

Nickel has a very small effect on the anodic polarization behavior of iron, and hence, iron-nickel alloys are of minor significance as corrosion-resistant alloys. However, the addition of nickel to iron-chromium alloys (AISI 200 series) permits conversion of the latter as ferritic alloys to austenitic iron-chromium-nickel alloys (AISI 300 series). In... 

Austenitic stainless steels are the most significant class of corrosion-resistant alloys for which intergranular corrosion can be a major problem in their satisfactory use. The problem is most often encountered as a result of welding but also may result from stress-relief annealing or incorrect heat treatments. Intergranular corrosion also can occur in ferritic stainless steels and in nickel- and aluminum-base alloys. 

Nickel is used extensively in alloys, notably in stainless steel, other corrosion-resistant alloys such as Monel metal, and coinage metals. Electroplated Ni provides a protective coat for other metals. Nickel has widespread use in batteries recently, this has included the production of environmentally friendly nickel-metal hydride batteries (see Box 9.5) which out-perform NiCd cells (equation 21.5) as rechargeable sources of power in portable appliances. 

Monel , A line of nickel -copper corrosion-resistant alloys available in wrought and cast forms. 

These tests illustrate graphically the unsuitability of copper, brass, bronze, galvanized iron, and aluminum as materials to be used with lithium at any temperature above its melting point. There is appreciable attack on most of the common corrosion-resistant alloys containing nickel at temperatures below 500°C. (12). 

Corrosion-resistant alloys of nickel are Ni-Cu, Ni-Mo, Ni-Cr-Mo, and Ni-Cr-Fe alloys. The cast nickel alloys do not have the same degree of corrosion resistance as the corresponding wrought alloys because of the higher carbon and silicon contents and the anisotropic structure of the cast alloys (50). 

Corrosion-resistant alloys are used where corrosive conditions are severe enough to prohibit the corrosion prone carbon steels and where protective coatings provide insufficient protection or are economically not good enough. The total cost for these alloys used in corrosion control applications is 8.3 billion with 7.9 billion for stainless steels, 0.28 billion for nickel-based alloys, and 0.15 billion for titanium alloys. 

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