Nickel chloride oxide

The stoichiometric and the catalytic reactions occur simultaneously, but the catalytic reaction predominates. The process is started with stoichiometric amounts, but afterward, carbon monoxide, acetylene, and excess alcohol give most of the acrylate ester by the catalytic reaction. The nickel chloride is recovered and recycled to the nickel carbonyl synthesis step. The main by-product is ethyl propionate, which is difficult to separate from ethyl acrylate. However, by proper control of the feeds and reaction conditions, it is possible to keep the ethyl propionate content below 1%. Even so, this is significantly higher than the propionate content of the esters from the propylene oxidation route. 

Nickel chloride hexahydrate [7791-20-0] is formed by the reaction of nickel powder or nickel oxide with a hot mixture of water and HCl. Nickel duoride [13940-83-5], 4H2O, is prepared by the reaction of hydroduoric acid on nickel carbonate. Nickel bromide [18721 -96-5], NiBr2 6H20, is made... 

When nickel hydroxide is oxidized at the nickel electrode in alkaline storage batteries the black trivalent gelatinous nickel hydroxide oxide [12026-04-9], Ni(0H)0, is formed. In nickel battery technology, nickel hydroxide oxide is known as the nickel active mass (see Batteries, secondary cells). Nickel hydroxide nitrate [56171-41-6], Ni(0H)N02, and nickel chloride hydroxide [25965-88-2], NiCl(OH), are frequently mentioned as intermediates for the production of nickel powder in aqueous solution. The binding energies for these compounds have been studied (55). 

The vapor-phase conversion of aniline to DPA over a soHd catalyst has been extensively studied (18,22). In general, the catalyst used is pure aluminum oxide or titanium oxide, prepared under special conditions (18). Promoters, such as copper chromite, nickel chloride, phosphoric acid, and ammonium fluoride, have also been recommended. Reaction temperatures are usually from 400 to 500°C. Coke formed on the catalyst is removed occasionally by burning. In this way, conversions of about 35% and yields of 95% have been reported. Carba2ole is frequently a by-product. 

Diacetone-L-sorbose (DAS) is oxidized at elevated temperatures in dilute sodium hydroxide in the presence of a catalyst (nickel chloride for bleach or palladium on carbon for air) or by electrolytic methods. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is worked up by acidification to 2,3 4,6-bis-0-isoptopyhdene-2-oxo-L-gulonic acid (2,3 4,6-diacetone-2-keto-L-gulonic acid) (DAG), which is isolated through filtration, washing, and drying. With sodium hypochlorite/nickel chloride, the reported DAG yields ate >90% (65). The oxidation with air has been reported, and a practical process was developed with palladium—carbon or platinum—carbon as catalyst (66,67). The electrolytic oxidation with nickel salts as the catalyst has also... 

The poor efficiencies of coal-fired power plants in 1896 (2.6 percent on average compared with over forty percent one hundred years later) prompted W. W. Jacques to invent the high temperature (500°C to 600°C [900°F to 1100°F]) fuel cell, and then build a lOO-cell battery to produce electricity from coal combustion. The battery operated intermittently for six months, but with diminishing performance, the carbon dioxide generated and present in the air reacted with and consumed its molten potassium hydroxide electrolyte. In 1910, E. Bauer substituted molten salts (e.g., carbonates, silicates, and borates) and used molten silver as the oxygen electrode. Numerous molten salt batteiy systems have since evolved to handle peak loads in electric power plants, and for electric vehicle propulsion. Of particular note is the sodium and nickel chloride couple in a molten chloroalumi-nate salt electrolyte for electric vehicle propulsion. One special feature is the use of a semi-permeable aluminum oxide ceramic separator to prevent lithium ions from diffusing to the sodium electrode, but still allow the opposing flow of sodium ions. 

Nernst heat theorem 164-5 nickel chloride, heat capacity 180 nitric acid, heat capacity 224-5 nitric oxide, entropy of 173 nitrogen... 

An intermediate acylnickel halide is first formed by oxidative addition of acyl halides to zero-valent nickel. This intermediate can attack unsaturated ligands with subsequent proton attack from water. It can give rise to benzyl- or benzoin-type coupling products, partially decarbonylate to give ketones, or react with organic halides to give ketones as well. Protonation of certain complexes can give aldehydes. Nickel chloride also acts as catalyst for Friedel-Crafts-type reactions. 

At least 75% of intratracheally deposited nickel chloride had been absorbed 72 h after the operation in rats [265]. Nickel chloride was cleared from the lungs of rats more rapidly after intratracheal instillation compared with nickel oxide [266], the slower clearance being attributed to an increased solubility of nickel chloride compared with the oxide. 

Nickel is a silver-white, lustrous, hard, malleable, ductile, ferromagnetic metal that is relatively resistant to corrosion and is a fair conductor of heat and electricity. Nickel is a ubiquitous trace metal that occurs in soil, water, air, and in the biosphere. The average content in the earth s crust is about 0.008%. Nickel ore deposits are accumulations of nickel sulfide minerals (mostly pentlandite) and laterites. Nickel exists in five major forms elemental nickel and its alloys inorganic, water-soluble compounds (e.g., nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, and nickel nitrate) inorganic, water-insoluble compounds (e.g., nickel carbonate, nickel sulfide, and nickel oxide) organic, water-insoluble compounds and nickel carbonyl Ni(CO). ... 

Significantly increased lung weights were observed in rats exposed 23.6 hours/day to nickel oxide at 0.8 mg nickel/m for 21 days, and at 0.2 mg nickel/rh for 28 days (Weischer et al. 1980). Microscopic examinations of the lungs were not completed in this study. Hyperplasia of the bronchial epithelium was observed in rats exposed intermittently to nickel chloride at 0.11 mg nickel/m for up to 6 weeks (Bingham et al. 1972) and in rats examined 20 months after a 1-month intermittent exposure to nickel oxide at 0.5 mg nickel/m (Horie et al. 1985). Alveolar wall thickening was observed in rats exposed intermittently to 0.12 mg nickel/m as nickel oxide for up to 6 weeks (Bingham et al. 1972). Pneumonia and bronchial epithelial metaplasia were observed in rats exposed intermittently for 1 year to 0.2 mg nickel/m as nickel oxide (Tanaka et al. 1988). 

Following inhalation exposure, about 20-35% of nickel deposited in the lungs of humans is absorbed into the bloodstream. Absorption from the respiratory tract is dependent on the solubility of the nickel compound, with higher urinary nickel observed in workers exposed to soluble nickel compounds (nickel chloride, nicke sulfate) than in those exposed to less-soluble nickel compounds (nickel oxide, nickel subsulfrde). Following oral exposure, about 27% of the nickel given to humans in drinking water was... 

Nickel oxide (black and green) amorphous nickel sulfide nickel subsulfide nickel chloride nickel sulfate nickel acetate... 

Hamster cell and C3H/10T1/2 cells Cell transformation + Conway and Costa 1989 Costa and Heck 1982 Costa and Mollenhauer 1980 Costa et al. 1982 DiPaolo and Casto 1979 Hansen and Stem 1984 Saxholm et al. 1981 Nickel monosul-fide, nickel subsulfide, nickel chloride, nickel, nickel oxide or trioxide... 

Nickel oxide also comes in a black crystalline form that has a slightly higher oxygen content than its formula, NiO (Antonsen 1981). The nickel content of black nickel oxide is 76-77% compared with 78.5% for the more stable green nickel oxide. Nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, and nickel nitrate usually exist as hexahydrates, while nickel acetate is generally in the form of a tetrahydrate. 

Property Nickel Nickel oxide Nickel sulfate Nickel chloride... 

The form of nickel emitted to the atmosphere varies according to the type of source. Species associated with combustion, incineration, and metals smelting and refining are often complex nickel oxides, nickel sulfate, metallic nickel, and in more specialized industries, nickel silicate, nickel subsulfide, and nickel chloride (EPA 1985a). 

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