Nickel alloys table

NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS Table 4.28 Stress corrosion of nickel and nickel alloys... 

Let us take the example of copper-nickel alloys. Table 2.1 lists some of the characteristics of the atoms. We can see that the two pure metals have the same structure, have extremely similar atomic radii and electronegativity values, on the Pauling scale, which are also very close. Copper and nickel are indeed miscible in all proportions. 

TABLE 11.57 Type E Thermocouples Nickel-Chromium Alloy vs. Copper-Nickel Alloy Thermoelectric voltage in millivolts reference junction at 0°C. 

Tables 10 and 11 list typical compositions of cast and wrought cobalt-base alloys, respectively. Stress—mpture properties of two wrought cobalt alloys, Haynes 188 and L-605, are compared to those of iron—nickel alloys ia Figure 10 (49). The cobalt alloys generally are inferior ia strength to the strongest cast nickel-base superaHoys. Tensile strengths at low and iatermediate temperatures are particularly deficient for the cobalt alloys.

Table 5. Nominal Chemical Composition of Nickel Alloys, wt %...

Fig. 1. Development of wrought nickel alloys (see Tables 5 and 6), where ( ) represent soHd solution material and (C3) represent precipitation-hardenable...

Austenitic Stainless Steels. These steels, based on iron—chromium—nickel alloys, are not hardenable by heat treatment and are predominandy austenitic. They include Types 301, 302, 302B, 303, 304, 304L, 305, 308, 309, 310, 314, 316, 316L, 317, 321, and 347. The L refers to 0.03% carbon max, which is readily available. In some austenitic stainless steels, all or part of the nickel is replaced by manganese and nitrogen in proper amounts, as in one proprietary steel and Types 201 and 202 (see Table 4). 

Table 7. Properties of Cast and Wrought Beryllium Nickel Alloys ...

Table 21. Conductivity and H04 (Hard) Temper Tensile Properties of Cupro—Nickel Alloys...

C725, a 9 wt % nickel alloy that is further strengthened by 2 wt % tin, is used in electrical connectors and bellows. Properties are summari2ed in Table 21. The alloy has good resistance to stress relaxation at room and moderately elevated temperatures, which accounts for its use in connectors and electrical circuit wire wrap pins. 

Properties of copper—nickel alloys are Hsted in Table 14. The alloys in the copper—nickel group have been successfully cast using the centrifugal, investment, permanent, and sand molding methods. The minimum tensile strengths on test bars cast in sand molds are 207—310 MPa (30,000—45,000 psi). 

Table 14. Properties of Copper-Nickel Alloys and Leaded Nickel Bronze and Brass...

Nickel and Nickel Alloys A wide range of ferrous and nonfer-rous nickel and nickel-bearing alloys are available. They are usually selected because of their improved resistance to chemical attack or their superior resistance to the effects of high temperature. In general terms their cost and corrosion resistance are somewhat a func tion of their nickel content. The 300 Series stainless steels are the most generally used. Some other frequently used alloys are hsted in Table 10-35 together with their nominal compositions. For metallurgical and corrosion resistance data, see Sec. 28. 

Nickel and its alloys form another important class of non-ferrous metals (Table 1.3). The superb creep resistance of the nickel-based superalloys is a key factor in designing the modern gas-turbine aero-engine. But nickel alloys even appear in a model steam engine. The flat plates in the firebox must be stayed together to resist the internal steam pressure (see Fig. 1.3). Some model-builders make these stays from pieces of monel rod because it is much stronger than copper, takes threads much better and is very corrosion resistant. 

The cupro-nickel alloys (5-30% of nickel) are perhaps the best of all for strength and resistance to corrosion. Table 3.20 gives typical properties. 

Table 3.20. Mechanical Properties of Annealed Cupro-Nickel Alloys [30]...

Table 3.38 Resistance of iron-nickel alloys to stress corrosion cracking in boiling 421 0...

The nominal compositions of commercially pure wrought nickel and the main types of modern corrosion-resistant nickel alloys are given in Table 4.21 some of these supersede earlier variants no longer in production. Applications of nickel alloys are not confined to those where corrosion resistance to aqueous solutions is a prime requirement, and the complete... 

Table 4.21 Nominal compositions of corrosion-resistant nickel alloys...

Table 4.26 Corrosion of nickel alloys in quiet and in slow moving sea-water (after Niederberger, elal )...

The wide range of corrosion-resistant nickel alloys that are produced commercially is capable in practice of handling most types of acid. Since the nickel-alloy range includes some that are corrosion resistant by virtue of their relative nobility and others that owe their resistance to passivity, alloys suitable both for hydrogen-evolving acids and for more oxidising acids are available. Table 4.27 contains a summary of data mainly derived from laboratory corrosion tests to illustrate the behaviour of individual alloys in some common mineral and organic acids. 

Table 4.27 Corrosion resistance of nickel and nickel alloys to acidic solutions...

As with alloys of other metals, nickel alloys may suffer stress-corrosion cracking in certain corrosive environments, although the number of alloy environment combinations in which nickel alloys have been reported to undergo cracking is relatively small. In addition, intergranular attack due to grain boundary precipitates may be intensified by tensile stress in the metal in certain environments and develop into cracking. Table 4.28 lists the major circumstances in which stress corrosion or stress-assisted corrosion of nickel and its alloys have been recorded in service and also shows the preventive and remedial measures that have been adopted, usually with success, in each case. 

As will have become apparent, nickel and corrosion-resistant nickel alloys have wide ranges of application, particularly in industries where strongly acidic, strongly alkaline or strongly saline environments are encountered. Table 4.29 lists some of the more important applications in those industries where these conditions most frequently arise, i.e. in the chemical, petrochemical, oil and gas, nuclear and conventional power generating, textile, paper, marine, desalination and food processing industries. The list is by no means exhaustive and there are many other applications of a similar nature in these and other industries. The table should, nevertheless, serve... 

Increasing concern over environmental pollution from sulphur-bearing flue gases has led to the development of new and improved nickel alloys for flue gas scrubber systems (e.g. the Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo alloys in Table 4.21). 

Table 7.14 Relative specific scaling rale constant for binary nickel alloys at 900°C ...

Table 7.15 Alloying factor of oxidation for nickel alloys ...

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