NextGen system

RealSpeak The RealSpeak system [108] was another significant landmark in that it was the first commercial unit selection system to be deployed. RealSpeak achieved yet further heights in terms of naturalness, and was showed that unit selection could be deployed in real time commercial systems, proof that practical constraints such as database size and search speed could be solved. Because of commercial acquisitions, today s (2006) RealSpeak has brought together ideas from many other systems, including the Speech Works system (itself a successor of the NextGen system), the Nuance system (a successor of Laureate) and rVoice, described below. 

AT T NextGen The NextGen system developed by AT T labs directly used components from CHATR, and so is included in the ATR family [42], [104]. The AT T group, however, made significant improvements to all aspects of the system, for example in search issues [291] and the perceptual design of the cost functions... 

Air traffic control (ATC) is a complex process that depends to a large degree on human capabilities. ATC systems of the future are e q)ected to change to the concept based on Air Traffic Management (ATM). In ATM, air traffic controllers (ATCo) wiU continue to play an important role in the future systems. This is indicated in the concept of next generation ATM such as SESAR and NextGen. 

NextGen Acronym for Next Generation Air Transportation System. The latest technology in development for air traffic control, it involves satellite tracking and global positioning systems. 

Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). NextGen is an integrated new system and procedure that will replace the existing ground-based radar systems with a sateUite-hased system and use digitally transmitted information in place of air traffic control. Weather information will be... 

The satellite-based components of NextGen are expected to provide aircraft with the capability to fly shorter, more direct, and thus more efficient routes. It will also increase the capacity of existing runways to handle traffic and reduce delays as well as aircraft noise. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport alone the FAA projects a 45 percent reduction in departure delays and an increase of ten additional departures per hour per runway when the system is in place. This is extremely important given the finite capacity of runways to handle traffic, particularly in poor weather, as well as the virtual impossibility of constructing new commercial airports. 

Yet another component of NextGen is system-wide information management (SWIM). SWIM is a streamlined network over which NextGen information will be exchanged. SWIM will provide secure information-management architectme for sharing national airspace data utilizing off-the-shelf hardware and software. 

In the NextGen NAS, avionics systems onboard aircraft will be comprised of a complex network of processing, sensing, actuation, and communication elements (Atkins, 2010a). UAS, whether autonomous or not, must be certified to fit into this system. All NextGen aircraft will be netwoiked through datalinks to ATM centers responsible for coordinating routes and arrival/departure times. 

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and its collaborators have proposed a system-wide information management (SWIM) architecture www.swim. gov) that will enable collaborative, flexible decision-making for all NAS users it is assumed that all NextGen aircraft will be capable of accurately following planned 4-D trajectories (three-dimensional positions plus times), maintaining separation from other traffic, and sharing pertinent information such as GPS coordinates, traffic alerts, and wind conditions. Protocols for system-wide and aircraft-centric decision making must be established to handle adverse weather conditions, encounters with wake turbulence, and situations in which other aircraft deviate from their expected routes. 

Both SESAR and NextGen, which are targeted for post 2020, would improve the performance of the air traffic management system by combining increased automation with new procedures that improve and achieve benefits related to safety, economic efficiency, capacity and environmental protection. 

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