New pigments

Finding a totally new pigment class or chromophore is a rare event. The latest commerciali2ation of a new family of pigments is represented by the pyrrolopyrroles discovered ia 1983. The discovery years of important pigments are compiled ia the foUowiag. 

Chemically related database searches can be used to estabhsh concepts and patentable ideas. For instance, searches have identified researchers using particular monomers in a potentially patentable latex formulation found precedents for a polymeric emulsifier summarized pubHcations of people being considered as consultants, expert witnesses, employees or speakers to an industrial group and provided market description information for a new pigment manufacturing firm to identify target markets. 

Matsui, S., et al. (1988). 4-Hydroxyretinal, a new pigment chromophore found in the bioluminescent squid, Watasenia scintillans. Biochim. Bio-phys. Acta 966 370-374. 

Special care must be taken in the case of betacyanins acylated with dicarboxylic acids such as malonic acid, i.e., phyllocactin. Upon acidification in methanol, methyl-esterification may easily proceed, thus generating a new pigment that is not genuine... 

Considering the fact that the X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystal depends on its lattice structure, pigment powders can be analyzed with a Debye-Scherrer diffraction camera to establish a correlation between X-ray diffraction and crystal modification. It is synthetically not possible to produce a defined crystal modification of a new pigment. Attempts to modify the preparative procedure or to apply different aftertreatment may result in a pigment of two or more crystalline forms, different not only in lattice structure, but also in color and performance. 

However, instead of exploring new pigments, it is often preferable to optimize the properties of one of the already available compounds. This explains why a given type of pigment is often marketed in more than one physical form to provide a variety of coloristic and application properties, each of which is designed for a specific vehicle system or condition of use. 

The synthesis of two new red wine pigments by nucleophilic addition of vinylphenols to malvidin 3-glucoside has been described. The structures of the two new pigments and their formation are shown in Fig. 2.105. HPLC-DAD and HPLCMS confirmed the occurrence of these two anthocyanin derivatives in red wine [239],... 

Novel pyranoanthocyanins have also been isolated and identified in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) seed using HPLC, 2D NMR and ES-MS. Blackcurrant seeds were extracted with acetone-water (70 30, v/v) and the components of the extract were separated in a polyamide column followed by HPLC-DAD. The new pigments were finally separated in an MCI-HP20 column. The chemical structures of anthocyanins 1-2 and the novel pyranoanthocyanins 3-6 with the pyrano[4,3,2-de]-l-bcn/opyrylium core structure are shown in Fig. 2.110. It was stated that the analytical method developed separated well the novel pyranoanthocyanins [245],... 

Preparative and analytical HPLC were carried out in an ODS column using gradient elution. The gradient was composed of methanol, water and formic acid. The chemical structures of the new pigments were elucidated by UV-VIS, 2D NMR and LC-MS. MS conditions were capillary 3 kV, cone 30 and 60 V, extractor 7 V, sources block temperature 120°C, desolvation temperature 150°C [257],The chromatographic profile of the SEC fraction containing the new pigments is shown in Fig. 2.116. The chemical structures of the new derivatives identified by various spectroscopic techniques are shown in Fig. 2.117. 

NEW PIGMENTS DETECTED IN THE MODEL SOLUTIONS BY LC-MS ANALYSIS RESULTING FROM THE REACTION BETWEEN MV3GL AND DIMER B4 AND BETWEEN MV3GL AND B2-3 -O-GALLATE MEDIATED BY DIFFERENT ALDEHYDES3... 

Another reaction of the flavylium cation has recently been demonstrated. " It involves concerted addition of compounds possessing a polarizable double bond on the electron-deficient site C-4 and the oxygen of the 5-hydroxyl group of the anthocyanin. The new pigments thus formed, showing a second pyran ring, have been referred to as vitisins, but the term pyranoanthocyanins proposed by Lu and Foo is preferred. 

Brouillard, R. and Dangles, O., Anthocyanin molecular interactions the first step in the formation of new pigments during wine aging. Food Chem. 51, 365, 1994. 

Benabdeljalil, C. et al.. Evidence of new pigments resulting from reaction between anthocyanins and yeast metabolites. Set Aliment, 20, 203, 2000. 

On the other hand, new pigments based on transparent silica flakes show extremely strong optical effects, which are different to mica pigments [5.244]. Angle dependent colors and other effects, achieved by the combination of these Si02-flakes with... 

The growth of new pigmented coarse hair was already observed after 3-4 procedures, i.e., within 10-14 days. This was manifested as a symptom of prickly hair . The new hair was darker than before. After 3—5 courses of treating alopecia with l-(chloromethyl)silatrane the number of anagenic hairs increased to 35%, and after 20—25 treatments to 75%. During the whole course of treatment the follicles of the hairy part of the head were actively changing to an anagenic cycle. 

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