New Batteries

New batteries use lithium anodes and different types of cathode. Primary cells, non-rechargeable, have been commercially available since 1990. They are used in watches, cameras, microcomputers, implanted pacemakers and similar applications. They are also used in different missile programs. Lithium primary cells are characterized 

Batteries of the Hthium type carmot have water-based electrolytes as Hthium reacts violently with water. Instead the electrolyte consists of lithium salts dissolved in organic solvents such as propylene carbonate or dimethyloxyethane. A solid cathode can be 

The belief that lithium batteries may be the best way to power electric vehicles (EVs) has strongly stimulated interest in hthium. New battery configurations continue to be developed. Pyrrole is a suitable electrode material for rechargeable lithium batteries. In a flat cell, polypyrrole and Hthium films are sandwiched together. In a cylindrical cell the two films are wound concentrically. 

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Polypropylene. Polypropylene (PP) is used ia packagiag appHcations as films and ia rigid containers. Battery cases could be considered another packagiag appHcation. Dead batteries are often collected at the poiat of sale of new batteries. In the U.S., some states have laws mandating this. Lead, acid, and plastics, particularly PP from battery casiags is recovered and recycled (3). Care must be taken to limit worker exposure to lead duting this process (44). PP is also recovered from bale wrap and other PP fabrics used for wrappiag ia the textile iadustry and from other containers (45). 

Eew of the products in which polypropylene are used can be recovered in commercial quaUties. An exception is battery casings. In 1994, U.S. capacity for recycling polypropylene from battery casings was 265 million pounds aimuaHy (45). About 75% of the recovered polypropylene is used in new battery cases which have a recycled PP content of about 50%. Total polypropylene recycling capacity was 350 million pounds aimuaHy for an operating rate estimated at 71—90% (45). 

The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is one of a number of new battery technologies which have been developed in the last ten years. TTiis battery system, operating at room temperature, offers several advantages compared to conventional aqueous battery technologies, for example,... 

DC powcr -New batteries, chargers, iavenors (p) -Alierri. iic battery chargtnj capabilities (b) Increased bus load shedding (b,p)... 

We had no good way to predict if they would be liquid, but we were lucky that many were. The class of cations that were the most attractive candidates was that of the dialkylimidazolium salts, and our particular favorite was l-ethyl-3-methylimid-azolium [EMIM]. [EMIMJCl mixed with AICI3 made ionic liquids with melting temperatures below room temperature over a wide range of compositions [8]. We determined chemical and physical properties once again, and demonstrated some new battery concepts based on this well behaved new electrolyte. We and others also tried some organic reactions, such as Eriedel-Crafts chemistry, and found the ionic liquids to be excellent both as solvents and as catalysts [9]. It appeared to act like acetonitrile, except that is was totally ionic and nonvolatile. 

Beaker 3 = 100 milliliters of sulfuric acid (new battery electrolyte) [remove metal ion contaminants from PEM surface, and sulfonate the PEM surface]. 

New battery systems could give better performance but they have not been forthcoming. Performance is limited by the lead-acid battery packs which are generally the most affordable option. More unfamiliar batteries like nickel metal hybride (NiMH) packs have also appeared. 

Modeling has become an important tool in developing new battery technology as well as for improving the performance of existing commercial systems. Models based on engineering principles of current distribution and fundamental electrochemical reaction parameters can predict the behavior of porous... 

Cesium-137 is a highly useful radioisotope that emits its radiation at a very steady and controllable rate. This makes it useful as an atomic clock because it is extremely accurate and never needs winding or a new battery. It is also useful as a radiation source for treatment of malignant cancers. Cs-137 has replaced the much more dangerous cobalt-60 as a source of radiation in industry and medicine. 

New Batteries using Non-Aqueous Solutions (Lithium Batteries)... 

S. Kawauchi, T. Iijima and T. Kawase, New Battery Technologies, Matsushita Battery Industrial Co. Ltd, Osaka, 1994. 

Check to see that your test admission ticket and your personal identification are in order and easily located. Sharpen your pencils. Buy new batteries for your calculator and put them in. 

New battery developments include the ultracapacitor hybrid barium titan-ate powder design (EEStors). These devices can absorb and release charges much faster than electrochemical batteries. They weigh less, and some projections suggest that in electric cars they might provide 500 mi of travel at a cost of 9 in electricity. But these are only the projections of researchers. 

So good were some of these alloys that their ability to absorb and redischarge H when coupled to some inert counter-cathode (not yet a battery ) was equivalent to 400 W hr kg"1. Thus was bom the idea of the nickel-metal hydride battery, NiMH as it is written (where M is an alloy of V, Zr, Ti, etc.), one of the leading new batteries of the later 1990s. 

At first, a large program of research in new kinds of batteries (Chapter 13) was carried out. However, even the best ofthe new batteries (e.g., the Li-ion batteries) still involved excessive costs, unacceptable recharging times, and in particular polluting C02 injection from the new electricity-producing plants. 

The space probe is a machine, so it has to accomplish all of its tasks by painfully detailed mechanisms, not magic. One task is to recycle old batteries batteries go bad after awhile, so the probe makes new ones. The new batteries are made by grinding up old batteries, recovering the old components, melting them down, recasting the casing, and adding fresh chemicals. One of the machines that is used in this process is called the battery crusher. ... 

Right next to that shaped section is a window. When the ornament taps on the window (there s a lot of jostling going on), it activates a conveyor belt inside the processing room and the conveyor belt pulls the new battery crusher inside the processing room, leaving the master machine, blueprint, and guide on the outside. 

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